scripts/cros_sdk.py

# Copyright 2012 The ChromiumOS Authors
# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
# found in the LICENSE file.

"""Manage SDK chroots.

This script is used for manipulating local chroot environments; creating,
deleting, downloading, etc.  If given --enter (or no args), it defaults
to an interactive bash shell within the chroot.

If given args those are passed to the chroot environment, and executed.
"""

import argparse
import ast
import glob
import logging
import os
from pathlib import Path
import pwd
import random
import re
import resource
import shlex
import subprocess
import sys
from typing import List
import urllib.parse

from chromite.cbuildbot import cbuildbot_alerts
from chromite.lib import commandline
from chromite.lib import constants
from chromite.lib import cros_build_lib
from chromite.lib import cros_sdk_lib
from chromite.lib import locking
from chromite.lib import namespaces
from chromite.lib import osutils
from chromite.lib import path_util
from chromite.lib import process_util
from chromite.lib import retry_util
from chromite.lib import timeout_util
from chromite.lib import toolchain
from chromite.utils import key_value_store


# Which compression algos the SDK tarball uses.  We've used xz since 2012.
COMPRESSION_PREFERENCE = ("xz",)

# TODO(zbehan): Remove the dependency on these, reimplement them in python
ENTER_CHROOT = [
    os.path.join(constants.SOURCE_ROOT, "src/scripts/sdk_lib/enter_chroot.sh")
]

# Proxy simulator configuration.
PROXY_HOST_IP = "192.168.240.1"
PROXY_PORT = 8080
PROXY_GUEST_IP = "192.168.240.2"
PROXY_NETMASK = 30
PROXY_VETH_PREFIX = "veth"
PROXY_CONNECT_PORTS = (80, 443, 9418)
PROXY_APACHE_FALLBACK_USERS = ("www-data", "apache", "nobody")
PROXY_APACHE_MPMS = ("event", "worker", "prefork")
PROXY_APACHE_FALLBACK_PATH = ":".join(
    "/usr/lib/apache2/mpm-%s" % mpm for mpm in PROXY_APACHE_MPMS
)
PROXY_APACHE_MODULE_GLOBS = ("/usr/lib*/apache2/modules", "/usr/lib*/apache2")

# We need these tools to run. Very common tools (tar,..) are omitted.
NEEDED_TOOLS = ("curl", "xz")

# Tools needed for --proxy-sim only.
PROXY_NEEDED_TOOLS = ("ip",)

# Tools needed when use_image is true (the default).
IMAGE_NEEDED_TOOLS = (
    "losetup",
    "lvchange",
    "lvcreate",
    "lvs",
    "mke2fs",
    "pvscan",
    "thin_check",
    "vgchange",
    "vgcreate",
    "vgs",
)

# As space is used inside the chroot, the empty space in chroot.img is
# allocated.  Deleting files inside the chroot doesn't automatically return the
# used space to the OS.  Over time, this tends to make the sparse chroot.img
# less sparse even if the chroot contents don't currently need much space.  We
# can recover most of this unused space with fstrim, but that takes too much
# time to run it every time. Instead, check the used space against the image
# size after mounting the chroot and only call fstrim if it looks like we could
# recover at least this many GiB.
MAX_UNUSED_IMAGE_GBS = 20


def GetArchStageTarballs(version):
    """Returns the URL for a given arch/version"""
    extension = {"xz": "tar.xz"}
    return [
        toolchain.GetSdkURL(
            suburl="cros-sdk-%s.%s" % (version, extension[compressor])
        )
        for compressor in COMPRESSION_PREFERENCE
    ]


def FetchRemoteTarballs(storage_dir, urls):
    """Fetches a tarball given by url, and place it in |storage_dir|.

    Args:
        storage_dir: Path where to save the tarball.
        urls: List of URLs to try to download. Download will stop on first
            success.

    Returns:
        Full path to the downloaded file.

    Raises:
        ValueError: None of the URLs worked.
    """
    # Note we track content length ourselves since certain versions of curl
    # fail if asked to resume a complete file.
    # https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=100976&aid=3482927&group_id=976
    status_re = re.compile(rb"^HTTP/[0-9]+(\.[0-9]+)? 200")
    # pylint: disable=undefined-loop-variable
    for url in urls:
        logging.notice("Downloading tarball %s ...", urls[0].rsplit("/", 1)[-1])
        parsed = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
        tarball_name = os.path.basename(parsed.path)
        if parsed.scheme in ("", "file"):
            if os.path.exists(parsed.path):
                return parsed.path
            continue
        content_length = 0
        logging.debug("Attempting download from %s", url)
        result = retry_util.RunCurl(
            ["-I", url],
            print_cmd=False,
            debug_level=logging.NOTICE,
            capture_output=True,
        )
        successful = False
        for header in result.stdout.splitlines():
            # We must walk the output to find the 200 code for use cases where
            # a proxy is involved and may have pushed down the actual header.
            if status_re.match(header):
                successful = True
            elif header.lower().startswith(b"content-length:"):
                content_length = int(header.split(b":", 1)[-1].strip())
                if successful:
                    break
        if successful:
            break
    else:
        raise ValueError("No valid URLs found!")

    tarball_dest = os.path.join(storage_dir, tarball_name)
    current_size = 0
    if os.path.exists(tarball_dest):
        current_size = os.path.getsize(tarball_dest)
        if current_size > content_length:
            osutils.SafeUnlink(tarball_dest)
            current_size = 0

    if current_size < content_length:
        retry_util.RunCurl(
            [
                "--fail",
                "-L",
                "-y",
                "30",
                "-C",
                "-",
                "--output",
                tarball_dest,
                url,
            ],
            print_cmd=False,
            debug_level=logging.NOTICE,
        )

    # Cleanup old tarballs now since we've successfull fetched; only cleanup
    # the tarballs for our prefix, or unknown ones. This gets a bit tricky
    # because we might have partial overlap between known prefixes.
    for p in Path(storage_dir).glob("cros-sdk-*"):
        if p.name == tarball_name:
            continue
        logging.info("Cleaning up old tarball: %s", p)
        osutils.SafeUnlink(p)

    return tarball_dest


def EnterChroot(
    chroot_path,
    cache_dir,
    chrome_root,
    chrome_root_mount,
    goma_dir,
    goma_client_json,
    reclient_dir,
    reproxy_cfg_file,
    working_dir,
    additional_args,
):
    """Enters an existing SDK chroot"""
    st = os.statvfs(os.path.join(chroot_path, "usr", "bin", "sudo"))
    if st.f_flag & os.ST_NOSUID:
        cros_build_lib.Die("chroot cannot be in a nosuid mount")

    cmd = ENTER_CHROOT + ["--chroot", chroot_path, "--cache_dir", cache_dir]
    if chrome_root:
        cmd.extend(["--chrome_root", chrome_root])
    if chrome_root_mount:
        cmd.extend(["--chrome_root_mount", chrome_root_mount])
    if goma_dir:
        cmd.extend(["--goma_dir", goma_dir])
    if goma_client_json:
        cmd.extend(["--goma_client_json", goma_client_json])
    if reclient_dir:
        cmd.extend(["--reclient_dir", reclient_dir])
    if reproxy_cfg_file:
        cmd.extend(["--reproxy_cfg_file", reproxy_cfg_file])
    if working_dir is not None:
        cmd.extend(["--working_dir", working_dir])

    if additional_args:
        cmd.append("--")
        cmd.extend(additional_args)

    if "CHROMEOS_SUDO_RLIMITS" in os.environ:
        _SetRlimits(os.environ.pop("CHROMEOS_SUDO_RLIMITS"))

    # Some systems set the soft limit too low.  Bump it up to the hard limit.
    # We don't override the hard limit because it's something the admins put
    # in place and we want to respect such configs.  http://b/234353695
    soft, hard = resource.getrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_NPROC)
    if soft != resource.RLIM_INFINITY and soft < 4096:
        if soft < hard or hard == resource.RLIM_INFINITY:
            resource.setrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_NPROC, (hard, hard))

    # ThinLTO opens lots of files at the same time.
    # Set rlimit and vm.max_map_count to accommodate this.
    file_limit = 262144
    soft, hard = resource.getrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_NOFILE)
    resource.setrlimit(
        resource.RLIMIT_NOFILE, (max(soft, file_limit), max(hard, file_limit))
    )
    max_map_count = int(osutils.ReadFile("/proc/sys/vm/max_map_count"))
    if max_map_count < file_limit:
        logging.notice(
            "Raising vm.max_map_count from %s to %s", max_map_count, file_limit
        )
        osutils.WriteFile("/proc/sys/vm/max_map_count", str(file_limit))
    return cros_build_lib.dbg_run(cmd, check=False)


def _ImageFileForChroot(chroot):
    """Find the image file that should be associated with |chroot|.

    This function does not check if the image exists; it simply returns the
    filename that would be used.

    Args:
        chroot: Path to the chroot.

    Returns:
        Path to an image file that would be associated with chroot.
    """
    return chroot.rstrip("/") + ".img"


def CreateChrootSnapshot(snapshot_name, chroot_vg, chroot_lv):
    """Create a snapshot for the specified chroot VG/LV.

    Args:
        snapshot_name: The name of the new snapshot.
        chroot_vg: The name of the VG containing the origin LV.
        chroot_lv: The name of the origin LV.

    Returns:
        True if the snapshot was created, or False if a snapshot with the same
        name already exists.

    Raises:
        SystemExit: The lvcreate command failed.
    """
    if snapshot_name in ListChrootSnapshots(chroot_vg, chroot_lv):
        logging.error(
            "Cannot create snapshot %s: A volume with that name already "
            "exists.",
            snapshot_name,
        )
        return False

    cmd = [
        "lvcreate",
        "-s",
        "--name",
        snapshot_name,
        "%s/%s" % (chroot_vg, chroot_lv),
    ]
    try:
        logging.notice(
            "Creating snapshot %s from %s in VG %s.",
            snapshot_name,
            chroot_lv,
            chroot_vg,
        )
        cros_build_lib.dbg_run(cmd, capture_output=True)
        return True
    except cros_build_lib.RunCommandError as e:
        cros_build_lib.Die("Creating snapshot failed!\n%s", e)


def DeleteChrootSnapshot(snapshot_name, chroot_vg, chroot_lv):
    """Delete the named snapshot from the specified chroot VG.

    If the requested snapshot is not found, nothing happens.  The main chroot LV
    and internal thinpool LV cannot be deleted with this function.

    Args:
        snapshot_name: The name of the snapshot to delete.
        chroot_vg: The name of the VG containing the origin LV.
        chroot_lv: The name of the origin LV.

    Raises:
        SystemExit: The lvremove command failed.
    """
    if snapshot_name in (
        cros_sdk_lib.CHROOT_LV_NAME,
        cros_sdk_lib.CHROOT_THINPOOL_NAME,
    ):
        logging.error(
            "Cannot remove LV %s as a snapshot.  Use cros_sdk --delete "
            "if you want to remove the whole chroot.",
            snapshot_name,
        )
        return

    if snapshot_name not in ListChrootSnapshots(chroot_vg, chroot_lv):
        return

    cmd = ["lvremove", "-f", "%s/%s" % (chroot_vg, snapshot_name)]
    try:
        logging.notice(
            "Deleting snapshot %s in VG %s.", snapshot_name, chroot_vg
        )
        cros_build_lib.dbg_run(cmd, capture_output=True)
    except cros_build_lib.RunCommandError as e:
        cros_build_lib.Die("Deleting snapshot failed!\n%s", e)


def RestoreChrootSnapshot(snapshot_name, chroot_vg, chroot_lv):
    """Restore the chroot to an existing snapshot.

    This is done by renaming the original |chroot_lv| LV to a temporary name,
    renaming the snapshot named |snapshot_name| to |chroot_lv|, and deleting the
    now unused LV.  If an error occurs, attempts to rename the original snapshot
    back to |chroot_lv| to leave the chroot unchanged.

    The chroot must be unmounted before calling this function, and will be left
    unmounted after this function returns.

    Args:
        snapshot_name: The name of the snapshot to restore. This snapshot will
            no longer be accessible at its original name after this function
            finishes.
        chroot_vg: The VG containing the chroot LV and snapshot LV.
        chroot_lv: The name of the original chroot LV.

    Returns:
        True if the chroot was restored to the requested snapshot, or False if
        the snapshot wasn't found or isn't valid.

    Raises:
        SystemExit: Any of the LVM commands failed.
    """
    valid_snapshots = ListChrootSnapshots(chroot_vg, chroot_lv)
    if (
        snapshot_name
        in (cros_sdk_lib.CHROOT_LV_NAME, cros_sdk_lib.CHROOT_THINPOOL_NAME)
        or snapshot_name not in valid_snapshots
    ):
        logging.error(
            "Chroot cannot be restored to %s.  Valid snapshots: %s",
            snapshot_name,
            ", ".join(valid_snapshots),
        )
        return False

    backup_chroot_name = "chroot-bak-%d" % random.randint(0, 1000)
    cmd = ["lvrename", chroot_vg, chroot_lv, backup_chroot_name]
    try:
        cros_build_lib.dbg_run(cmd, capture_output=True)
    except cros_build_lib.RunCommandError as e:
        cros_build_lib.Die("Restoring snapshot failed!\n%s", e)

    cmd = ["lvrename", chroot_vg, snapshot_name, chroot_lv]
    try:
        cros_build_lib.dbg_run(cmd, capture_output=True)
    except cros_build_lib.RunCommandError as e:
        cmd = ["lvrename", chroot_vg, backup_chroot_name, chroot_lv]
        try:
            cros_build_lib.dbg_run(cmd, capture_output=True)
        except cros_build_lib.RunCommandError as e:
            cros_build_lib.Die(
                "Failed to rename %s to chroot and failed to restore %s back "
                "to chroot!\n%s",
                snapshot_name,
                backup_chroot_name,
                e,
            )
        cros_build_lib.Die(
            "Failed to rename %s to chroot!  Original chroot LV has "
            "been restored.\n%s",
            snapshot_name,
            e,
        )

    # Some versions of LVM set snapshots to be skipped at auto-activate time.
    # Other versions don't have this flag at all.  We run lvchange to try
    # disabling auto-skip and activating the volume, but ignore errors. Versions
    # that don't have the flag should be auto-activated.
    chroot_lv_path = "%s/%s" % (chroot_vg, chroot_lv)
    cmd = ["lvchange", "-kn", chroot_lv_path]
    cros_build_lib.run(cmd, print_cmd=False, capture_output=True, check=False)

    # Activate the LV in case the lvchange above was needed.  Activating an LV
    # that is already active shouldn't do anything, so this is safe to run even
    # if the -kn wasn't needed.
    cmd = ["lvchange", "-ay", chroot_lv_path]
    cros_build_lib.dbg_run(cmd, capture_output=True)

    cmd = ["lvremove", "-f", "%s/%s" % (chroot_vg, backup_chroot_name)]
    try:
        cros_build_lib.dbg_run(cmd, capture_output=True)
    except cros_build_lib.RunCommandError as e:
        cros_build_lib.Die(
            "Failed to remove backup LV %s/%s!\n%s",
            chroot_vg,
            backup_chroot_name,
            e,
        )

    return True


def ListChrootSnapshots(chroot_vg, chroot_lv):
    """Return all snapshots in |chroot_vg| regardless of origin volume.

    Args:
        chroot_vg: The name of the VG containing the chroot.
        chroot_lv: The name of the chroot LV.

    Returns:
        A (possibly-empty) list of snapshot LVs found in |chroot_vg|.

    Raises:
        SystemExit: The lvs command failed.
    """
    if not chroot_vg or not chroot_lv:
        return []

    cmd = [
        "lvs",
        "-o",
        "lv_name,pool_lv,lv_attr",
        "-O",
        "lv_name",
        "--noheadings",
        "--separator",
        "\t",
        chroot_vg,
    ]
    try:
        result = cros_build_lib.run(
            cmd, print_cmd=False, stdout=True, encoding="utf-8"
        )
    except cros_build_lib.RunCommandError:
        raise SystemExit("Running %r failed!" % cmd)

    # Once the thin origin volume has been deleted, there's no way to tell a
    # snapshot apart from any other volume. Since this VG is created and managed
    # by cros_sdk, we'll assume that all volumes that share the same thin pool
    # are valid snapshots.
    snapshots = []
    snapshot_attrs = re.compile(r"^V.....t.{2,}")  # Matches a thin volume.
    for line in result.stdout.splitlines():
        lv_name, pool_lv, lv_attr = line.lstrip().split("\t")
        if (
            lv_name == chroot_lv
            or lv_name == cros_sdk_lib.CHROOT_THINPOOL_NAME
            or pool_lv != cros_sdk_lib.CHROOT_THINPOOL_NAME
            or not snapshot_attrs.match(lv_attr)
        ):
            continue
        snapshots.append(lv_name)
    return snapshots


# The rlimits we will lookup & pass down, in order.
RLIMITS_TO_PASS = (
    resource.RLIMIT_AS,
    resource.RLIMIT_CORE,
    resource.RLIMIT_CPU,
    resource.RLIMIT_FSIZE,
    resource.RLIMIT_MEMLOCK,
    resource.RLIMIT_NICE,
    resource.RLIMIT_NOFILE,
    resource.RLIMIT_NPROC,
    resource.RLIMIT_RSS,
    resource.RLIMIT_STACK,
)


def _GetRlimits() -> str:
    """Serialize current rlimits."""
    return str(tuple(resource.getrlimit(x) for x in RLIMITS_TO_PASS))


def _SetRlimits(limits: str) -> None:
    """Deserialize rlimits."""
    for rlim, limit in zip(RLIMITS_TO_PASS, ast.literal_eval(limits)):
        cur_limit = resource.getrlimit(rlim)
        if cur_limit != limit:
            # Turn the number into a symbolic name for logging.
            name = "RLIMIT_???"
            for name, num in resource.__dict__.items():
                if name.startswith("RLIMIT_") and num == rlim:
                    break
            logging.debug(
                "Restoring user rlimit %s from %r to %r", name, cur_limit, limit
            )

            resource.setrlimit(rlim, limit)


def _SudoCommand():
    """Get the 'sudo' command, along with all needed environment variables."""

    # Pass in the ENVIRONMENT_ALLOWLIST and ENV_PASSTHRU variables so that
    # scripts in the chroot know what variables to pass through.
    cmd = ["sudo"]
    for key in constants.CHROOT_ENVIRONMENT_ALLOWLIST + constants.ENV_PASSTHRU:
        value = os.environ.get(key)
        if value is not None:
            cmd += ["%s=%s" % (key, value)]

    # We keep PATH not for the chroot but for the re-exec & for programs we
    # might run before we chroot into the SDK.  The process that enters the SDK
    # itself will take care of initializing PATH to the right value then.  But
    # we can't override the system's default PATH for root as that will hide
    # /sbin.
    cmd += ["CHROMEOS_SUDO_PATH=%s" % os.environ.get("PATH", "")]

    # Pass along current rlimit settings so we can restore them.
    cmd += [f"CHROMEOS_SUDO_RLIMITS={_GetRlimits()}"]

    # Pass in the path to the depot_tools so that users can access them from
    # within the chroot.
    cmd += ["DEPOT_TOOLS=%s" % constants.DEPOT_TOOLS_DIR]

    return cmd


def _ReportMissing(missing):
    """Report missing utilities, then exit.

    Args:
        missing: List of missing utilities, as returned by
            osutils.FindMissingBinaries.  If non-empty, will not return.
    """

    if missing:
        raise SystemExit(
            "The tool(s) %s were not found.\n"
            "Please install the appropriate package in your host.\n"
            "Example(ubuntu):\n"
            "  sudo apt-get install <packagename>" % ", ".join(missing)
        )


def _ProxySimSetup(options):
    """Set up proxy simulator, and return only in the child environment.

    TODO: Ideally, this should support multiple concurrent invocations of
    cros_sdk --proxy-sim; currently, such invocations will conflict with each
    other due to the veth device names and IP addresses.  Either this code would
    need to generate fresh, unused names for all of these before forking, or it
    would need to support multiple concurrent cros_sdk invocations sharing one
    proxy and allowing it to exit when unused (without counting on any local
    service-management infrastructure on the host).
    """

    may_need_mpm = False
    apache_bin = osutils.Which("apache2")
    if apache_bin is None:
        apache_bin = osutils.Which("apache2", PROXY_APACHE_FALLBACK_PATH)
        if apache_bin is None:
            _ReportMissing(("apache2",))
    else:
        may_need_mpm = True

    # Module names and .so names included for ease of grepping.
    apache_modules = [
        ("proxy_module", "mod_proxy.so"),
        ("proxy_connect_module", "mod_proxy_connect.so"),
        ("proxy_http_module", "mod_proxy_http.so"),
        ("proxy_ftp_module", "mod_proxy_ftp.so"),
    ]

    # Find the apache module directory and make sure it has the modules we need.
    module_dirs = {}
    for g in PROXY_APACHE_MODULE_GLOBS:
        for _, so in apache_modules:
            for f in glob.glob(os.path.join(g, so)):
                module_dirs.setdefault(os.path.dirname(f), []).append(so)
    for apache_module_path, modules_found in module_dirs.items():
        if len(modules_found) == len(apache_modules):
            break
    else:
        # Appease cros lint, which doesn't understand that this else block will
        # not fall through to the subsequent code which relies on
        # apache_module_path.
        apache_module_path = None
        raise SystemExit(
            "Could not find apache module path containing all required "
            "modules: %s" % ", ".join(so for mod, so in apache_modules)
        )

    def check_add_module(name):
        so = "mod_%s.so" % name
        if os.access(os.path.join(apache_module_path, so), os.F_OK):
            mod = "%s_module" % name
            apache_modules.append((mod, so))
            return True
        return False

    check_add_module("authz_core")
    if may_need_mpm:
        for mpm in PROXY_APACHE_MPMS:
            if check_add_module("mpm_%s" % mpm):
                break

    veth_host = "%s-host" % PROXY_VETH_PREFIX
    veth_guest = "%s-guest" % PROXY_VETH_PREFIX

    # Set up locks to sync the net namespace setup.  We need the child to create
    # the net ns first, and then have the parent assign the guest end of the
    # veth interface to the child's new network namespace & bring up the proxy.
    # Only then can the child move forward and rely on the network being up.
    ns_create_lock = locking.PipeLock()
    ns_setup_lock = locking.PipeLock()

    pid = os.fork()
    if not pid:
        # Create our new isolated net namespace.
        namespaces.Unshare(namespaces.CLONE_NEWNET)

        # Signal the parent the ns is ready to be configured.
        ns_create_lock.Post()
        del ns_create_lock

        # Wait for the parent to finish setting up the ns/proxy.
        ns_setup_lock.Wait()
        del ns_setup_lock

        # Set up child side of the network.
        commands = (
            ("ip", "link", "set", "up", "lo"),
            (
                "ip",
                "address",
                "add",
                "%s/%u" % (PROXY_GUEST_IP, PROXY_NETMASK),
                "dev",
                veth_guest,
            ),
            ("ip", "link", "set", veth_guest, "up"),
        )
        try:
            for cmd in commands:
                cros_build_lib.dbg_run(cmd)
        except cros_build_lib.RunCommandError as e:
            cros_build_lib.Die("Proxy setup failed!\n%s", e)

        proxy_url = "http://%s:%u" % (PROXY_HOST_IP, PROXY_PORT)
        for proto in ("http", "https", "ftp"):
            os.environ[proto + "_proxy"] = proxy_url
        for v in ("all_proxy", "RSYNC_PROXY", "no_proxy"):
            os.environ.pop(v, None)
        return

    # Set up parent side of the network.
    uid = int(os.environ.get("SUDO_UID", "0"))
    gid = int(os.environ.get("SUDO_GID", "0"))
    if uid == 0 or gid == 0:
        for username in PROXY_APACHE_FALLBACK_USERS:
            try:
                pwnam = pwd.getpwnam(username)
                uid, gid = pwnam.pw_uid, pwnam.pw_gid
                break
            except KeyError:
                continue
        if uid == 0 or gid == 0:
            raise SystemExit("Could not find a non-root user to run Apache as")

    chroot_parent, chroot_base = os.path.split(options.chroot)
    pid_file = os.path.join(chroot_parent, ".%s-apache-proxy.pid" % chroot_base)
    log_file = os.path.join(chroot_parent, ".%s-apache-proxy.log" % chroot_base)

    # Wait for the child to create the net ns.
    ns_create_lock.Wait()
    del ns_create_lock

    apache_directives = [
        "User #%u" % uid,
        "Group #%u" % gid,
        "PidFile %s" % pid_file,
        "ErrorLog %s" % log_file,
        "Listen %s:%u" % (PROXY_HOST_IP, PROXY_PORT),
        "ServerName %s" % PROXY_HOST_IP,
        "ProxyRequests On",
        "AllowCONNECT %s" % " ".join(str(x) for x in PROXY_CONNECT_PORTS),
    ] + [
        "LoadModule %s %s" % (mod, os.path.join(apache_module_path, so))
        for (mod, so) in apache_modules
    ]
    commands = (
        (
            "ip",
            "link",
            "add",
            "name",
            veth_host,
            "type",
            "veth",
            "peer",
            "name",
            veth_guest,
        ),
        (
            "ip",
            "address",
            "add",
            "%s/%u" % (PROXY_HOST_IP, PROXY_NETMASK),
            "dev",
            veth_host,
        ),
        ("ip", "link", "set", veth_host, "up"),
        (
            [apache_bin, "-f", "/dev/null"]
            + [arg for d in apache_directives for arg in ("-C", d)]
        ),
        ("ip", "link", "set", veth_guest, "netns", str(pid)),
    )
    cmd = None  # Make cros lint happy.
    try:
        for cmd in commands:
            cros_build_lib.dbg_run(cmd)
    except cros_build_lib.RunCommandError as e:
        # Clean up existing interfaces, if any.
        cmd_cleanup = ("ip", "link", "del", veth_host)
        try:
            cros_build_lib.run(cmd_cleanup, print_cmd=False)
        except cros_build_lib.RunCommandError:
            logging.error("running %r failed", cmd_cleanup)
        cros_build_lib.Die("Proxy network setup failed!\n%s", e)

    # Signal the child that the net ns/proxy is fully configured now.
    ns_setup_lock.Post()
    del ns_setup_lock

    process_util.ExitAsStatus(os.waitpid(pid, 0)[1])


def _BuildReExecCommand(argv, opts) -> List[str]:
    """Generate new command for self-reexec."""
    # Make sure to preserve the active Python executable in case the version
    # we're running as is not the default one found via the (new) $PATH.
    cmd = _SudoCommand() + ["--"]
    if opts.strace:
        cmd += ["strace"] + shlex.split(opts.strace_arguments) + ["--"]
    return cmd + [sys.executable] + argv


def _ReExecuteIfNeeded(argv, opts):
    """Re-execute cros_sdk as root.

    Also unshare the mount namespace so as to ensure that processes outside
    the chroot can't mess with our mounts.
    """
    if osutils.IsNonRootUser():
        cmd = _BuildReExecCommand(argv, opts)
        logging.debug(
            "Reexecing self via sudo:\n%s", cros_build_lib.CmdToStr(cmd)
        )
        os.execvp(cmd[0], cmd)


def _CreateParser(sdk_latest_version, bootstrap_latest_version):
    """Generate and return the parser with all the options."""
    usage = (
        "usage: %(prog)s [options] "
        "[VAR1=val1 ... VAR2=val2] [--] [command [args]]"
    )
    parser = commandline.ArgumentParser(
        usage=usage, description=__doc__, caching=True
    )

    # Global options.
    default_chroot = os.path.join(
        constants.SOURCE_ROOT, constants.DEFAULT_CHROOT_DIR
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--chroot",
        dest="chroot",
        default=default_chroot,
        type="path",
        help=("SDK chroot dir name [%s]" % constants.DEFAULT_CHROOT_DIR),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--nouse-image",
        dest="use_image",
        action="store_false",
        default=False,
        help="Do not mount the chroot on a loopback image; "
        "instead, create it directly in a directory.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--use-image",
        dest="use_image",
        action="store_true",
        default=False,
        help="Mount the chroot on a loopback image "
        "instead of creating it directly in a directory.",
    )

    parser.add_argument(
        "--chrome-root",
        "--chrome_root",
        type="path",
        help="Mount this chrome root into the SDK chroot",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--chrome_root_mount",
        type="path",
        help="Mount chrome into this path inside SDK chroot",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--nousepkg",
        action="store_true",
        default=False,
        help="Do not use binary packages when creating a chroot.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "-u",
        "--url",
        dest="sdk_url",
        help="Use sdk tarball located at this url. Use file:// "
        "for local files.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--sdk-version",
        help=(
            "Use this sdk version.  For prebuilt, current is %r"
            ", for bootstrapping it is %r."
            % (sdk_latest_version, bootstrap_latest_version)
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--goma_dir",
        type="path",
        help="Goma installed directory to mount into the chroot.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--goma_client_json",
        type="path",
        help="Service account json file to use goma on bot. "
        "Mounted into the chroot.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--reclient-dir",
        type="path",
        help="Reclient installed directory to mount into the chroot.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--reproxy-cfg-file",
        type="path",
        help="Config file for re-client's reproxy used for remoteexec.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--skip-chroot-upgrade",
        dest="chroot_upgrade",
        action="store_false",
        default=True,
        help="Skip automatic SDK and toolchain upgrade when entering the "
        "chroot. Never guaranteed to work, especially as ToT moves forward.",
    )

    # Use type=str instead of type='path' to prevent the given path from being
    # transferred to absolute path automatically.
    parser.add_argument(
        "--working-dir",
        type=str,
        help="Run the command in specific working directory in "
        "chroot.  If the given directory is a relative "
        "path, this program will transfer the path to "
        "the corresponding one inside chroot.",
    )

    parser.add_argument("commands", nargs=argparse.REMAINDER)

    # Commands.
    group = parser.add_argument_group("Commands")
    group.add_argument(
        "--enter",
        action="store_true",
        default=False,
        help="Enter the SDK chroot.  Implies --create.",
    )
    group.add_argument(
        "--create",
        action="store_true",
        default=False,
        help="Create the chroot only if it does not already exist. Downloads "
        "the SDK only if needed, even if --download explicitly passed.",
    )
    group.add_argument(
        "--bootstrap",
        action="store_true",
        default=False,
        help="Build everything from scratch, including the sdk.  "
        "Use this only if you need to validate a change "
        "that affects SDK creation itself (toolchain and "
        "build are typically the only folk who need this).  "
        "Note this will quite heavily slow down the build.  "
        "This option implies --create --nousepkg.",
    )
    group.add_argument(
        "-r",
        "--replace",
        action="store_true",
        default=False,
        help="Replace an existing SDK chroot.  Basically an alias "
        "for --delete --create.",
    )
    group.add_argument(
        "--delete",
        action="store_true",
        default=False,
        help="Delete the current SDK chroot if it exists.",
    )
    group.add_argument(
        "--force",
        action="store_true",
        default=False,
        help="Force unmount/delete of the current SDK chroot even if "
        "obtaining the write lock fails.",
    )
    group.add_argument(
        "--unmount",
        action="store_true",
        default=False,
        help="Unmount and clean up devices associated with the "
        "SDK chroot if it exists.  This does not delete the "
        "backing image file, so the same chroot can be later "
        "re-mounted for reuse.  To fully delete the chroot, use "
        "--delete.  This is primarily useful for working on "
        "cros_sdk or the chroot setup; you should not need it "
        "under normal circumstances.",
    )
    group.add_argument(
        "--download",
        action="store_true",
        default=False,
        help="Download the sdk.",
    )
    group.add_argument(
        "--snapshot-create",
        metavar="SNAPSHOT_NAME",
        help="Create a snapshot of the chroot.  Requires that the chroot was "
        "created without the --nouse-image option.",
    )
    group.add_argument(
        "--snapshot-restore",
        metavar="SNAPSHOT_NAME",
        help="Restore the chroot to a previously created snapshot.",
    )
    group.add_argument(
        "--snapshot-delete",
        metavar="SNAPSHOT_NAME",
        help="Delete a previously created snapshot.  Deleting a snapshot that "
        "does not exist is not an error.",
    )
    group.add_argument(
        "--snapshot-list",
        action="store_true",
        default=False,
        help="List existing snapshots of the chroot and exit.",
    )
    commands = group

    # Namespace options.
    group = parser.add_argument_group("Namespaces")
    group.add_argument(
        "--proxy-sim",
        action="store_true",
        default=False,
        help="Simulate a restrictive network requiring an outbound" " proxy.",
    )
    for ns, default in (("pid", True), ("net", None)):
        group.add_argument(
            f"--ns-{ns}",
            default=default,
            action="store_true",
            help=f"Create a new {ns} namespace.",
        )
        group.add_argument(
            f"--no-ns-{ns}",
            dest=f"ns_{ns}",
            action="store_false",
            help=f"Do not create a new {ns} namespace.",
        )

    # Debug options.
    group = parser.debug_group
    group.add_argument(
        "--strace",
        action="store_true",
        help="Run cros_sdk through strace after re-exec via sudo",
    )
    group.add_argument(
        "--strace-arguments",
        default="",
        help="Extra strace options (shell quoting permitted)",
    )

    # Internal options.
    group = parser.add_argument_group(
        "Internal Chromium OS Build Team Options",
        "Caution: these are for meant for the Chromium OS build team only",
    )
    group.add_argument(
        "--buildbot-log-version",
        default=False,
        action="store_true",
        help="Log SDK version for buildbot consumption",
    )

    return parser, commands


def main(argv):
    # Turn on strict sudo checks.
    cros_build_lib.STRICT_SUDO = True
    conf = key_value_store.LoadFile(
        os.path.join(constants.SOURCE_ROOT, constants.SDK_VERSION_FILE),
        ignore_missing=True,
    )
    sdk_latest_version = conf.get("SDK_LATEST_VERSION", "<unknown>")
    bootstrap_frozen_version = conf.get("BOOTSTRAP_FROZEN_VERSION", "<unknown>")

    # Use latest SDK for bootstrapping if requested. Use a frozen version of SDK
    # for bootstrapping if BOOTSTRAP_FROZEN_VERSION is set.
    bootstrap_latest_version = (
        sdk_latest_version
        if bootstrap_frozen_version == "<unknown>"
        else bootstrap_frozen_version
    )
    parser, commands = _CreateParser(
        sdk_latest_version, bootstrap_latest_version
    )
    options = parser.parse_args(argv)
    chroot_command = options.commands

    # Some basic checks first, before we ask for sudo credentials.
    cros_build_lib.AssertOutsideChroot()

    host = os.uname()[4]
    if host != "x86_64":
        cros_build_lib.Die(
            "cros_sdk is currently only supported on x86_64; you're running"
            " %s.  Please find a x86_64 machine." % (host,)
        )

    # Merge the outside PATH setting if we re-execed ourselves.
    if "CHROMEOS_SUDO_PATH" in os.environ:
        os.environ["PATH"] = "%s:%s" % (
            os.environ.pop("CHROMEOS_SUDO_PATH"),
            os.environ["PATH"],
        )

    _ReportMissing(osutils.FindMissingBinaries(NEEDED_TOOLS))
    if options.proxy_sim:
        _ReportMissing(osutils.FindMissingBinaries(PROXY_NEEDED_TOOLS))
    missing_image_tools = osutils.FindMissingBinaries(IMAGE_NEEDED_TOOLS)

    if (
        sdk_latest_version == "<unknown>"
        or bootstrap_latest_version == "<unknown>"
    ):
        cros_build_lib.Die(
            "No SDK version was found. "
            "Are you in a Chromium source tree instead of Chromium OS?\n\n"
            "Please change to a directory inside your Chromium OS source tree\n"
            "and retry.  If you need to setup a Chromium OS source tree, see\n"
            "  https://dev.chromium.org/chromium-os/developer-guide"
        )

    any_snapshot_operation = (
        options.snapshot_create
        or options.snapshot_restore
        or options.snapshot_delete
        or options.snapshot_list
    )

    if (
        options.snapshot_delete
        and options.snapshot_delete == options.snapshot_restore
    ):
        parser.error(
            "Cannot --snapshot_delete the same snapshot you are "
            "restoring with --snapshot_restore."
        )

    _ReExecuteIfNeeded([sys.argv[0]] + argv, options)

    lock_path = os.path.dirname(options.chroot)
    lock_path = os.path.join(
        lock_path, ".%s_lock" % os.path.basename(options.chroot).lstrip(".")
    )

    # Expand out the aliases...
    if options.replace:
        options.delete = options.create = True

    if options.bootstrap:
        options.create = True

    # If a command is not given, default to enter.
    # pylint: disable=protected-access
    # This _group_actions access sucks, but upstream decided to not include an
    # alternative to optparse's option_list, and this is what they recommend.
    options.enter |= not any(
        getattr(options, x.dest) for x in commands._group_actions
    )
    # pylint: enable=protected-access
    options.enter |= bool(chroot_command)

    if (
        options.delete
        and not options.create
        and (options.enter or any_snapshot_operation)
    ):
        parser.error(
            "Trying to enter or snapshot the chroot when --delete "
            "was specified makes no sense."
        )

    if options.unmount and (
        options.create or options.enter or any_snapshot_operation
    ):
        parser.error("--unmount cannot be specified with other chroot actions.")

    if options.working_dir is not None and not os.path.isabs(
        options.working_dir
    ):
        options.working_dir = path_util.ToChrootPath(options.working_dir)

    # If there is an existing chroot image and we're not removing it then force
    # use_image on.  This ensures that people don't have to remember to pass
    # --use-image after a reboot to avoid losing access to their existing
    # chroot.
    chroot_exists = cros_sdk_lib.IsChrootReady(options.chroot)
    img_path = _ImageFileForChroot(options.chroot)
    if (
        not options.use_image
        and not options.delete
        and not options.unmount
        and os.path.exists(img_path)
    ):
        if chroot_exists:
            # If the chroot is already populated, make sure it has something
            # mounted on it before we assume it came from an image.
            cmd = ["mountpoint", "-q", options.chroot]
            if cros_build_lib.dbg_run(cmd, check=False).returncode == 0:
                options.use_image = True

        else:
            logging.notice(
                "Existing chroot image %s found.  Forcing --use-image on.",
                img_path,
            )
            options.use_image = True

    if any_snapshot_operation and not options.use_image:
        if os.path.exists(img_path):
            options.use_image = True
        else:
            cros_build_lib.Die(
                "Snapshot operations are not compatible with " "--nouse-image."
            )

    # Discern if we need to create the chroot.
    if (
        options.use_image
        and not chroot_exists
        and not options.delete
        and not options.unmount
        and not missing_image_tools
        and os.path.exists(img_path)
    ):
        # Try to re-mount an existing image in case the user has rebooted.
        with locking.FileLock(lock_path, "chroot lock") as lock:
            logging.debug("Checking if existing chroot image can be mounted.")
            lock.write_lock()
            cros_sdk_lib.MountChroot(options.chroot, create=False)
            chroot_exists = cros_sdk_lib.IsChrootReady(options.chroot)
            if chroot_exists:
                logging.notice("Mounted existing image %s on chroot", img_path)

    # Finally, flip create if necessary.
    if options.enter or options.snapshot_create:
        options.create |= not chroot_exists

    # Make sure we will download if we plan to create.
    options.download |= options.create

    # Anything that needs to manipulate the main chroot mount or communicate
    # with LVM needs to be done here before we enter the new namespaces.

    # If deleting, do it regardless of the use_image flag so that a
    # previously-created loopback chroot can also be cleaned up.
    if options.delete:
        # Set a timeout of 300 seconds when getting the lock.
        with locking.FileLock(
            lock_path, "chroot lock", blocking_timeout=300
        ) as lock:
            try:
                lock.write_lock()
            except timeout_util.TimeoutError as e:
                logging.error(
                    "Acquiring write_lock on %s failed: %s", lock_path, e
                )
                if not options.force:
                    cros_build_lib.Die(
                        "Exiting; use --force to continue w/o lock."
                    )
                else:
                    logging.warning(
                        "cros_sdk was invoked with force option, continuing."
                    )
            logging.notice("Deleting chroot.")
            cros_sdk_lib.CleanupChrootMount(options.chroot, delete=True)

    # If cleanup was requested, we have to do it while we're still in the
    # original namespace.  Since cleaning up the mount will interfere with any
    # other commands, we exit here.  The check above should have made sure that
    # no other action was requested, anyway.
    if options.unmount:
        # Set a timeout of 300 seconds when getting the lock.
        with locking.FileLock(
            lock_path, "chroot lock", blocking_timeout=300
        ) as lock:
            try:
                lock.write_lock()
            except timeout_util.TimeoutError as e:
                logging.error(
                    "Acquiring write_lock on %s failed: %s", lock_path, e
                )
                logging.warning(
                    "Continuing with CleanupChroot(%s), which will umount the "
                    "tree.",
                    options.chroot,
                )
            # We can call CleanupChroot (which calls
            # cros_sdk_lib.CleanupChrootMount) even if we don't get the lock
            # because it will attempt to unmount the tree and will print
            # diagnostic information from 'fuser', 'lsof', and 'ps'.
            cros_sdk_lib.CleanupChrootMount(options.chroot, delete=False)
            sys.exit(0)

    # Make sure the main chroot mount is visible.  Contents will be filled in
    # below if needed.
    if options.create and options.use_image:
        if missing_image_tools:
            raise SystemExit(
                """The tool(s) %s were not found.
Please make sure the lvm2 and thin-provisioning-tools packages
are installed on your host.
Example(ubuntu):
  sudo apt-get install lvm2 thin-provisioning-tools

If you want to run without lvm2, pass --nouse-image (chroot
snapshots will be unavailable)."""
                % ", ".join(missing_image_tools)
            )

        logging.debug("Making sure chroot image is mounted.")
        with locking.FileLock(lock_path, "chroot lock") as lock:
            lock.write_lock()
            if not cros_sdk_lib.MountChroot(options.chroot, create=True):
                cros_build_lib.Die(
                    "Unable to mount %s on chroot",
                    _ImageFileForChroot(options.chroot),
                )
            logging.notice(
                "Mounted %s on chroot", _ImageFileForChroot(options.chroot)
            )

    # Snapshot operations will always need the VG/LV, but other actions won't.
    if any_snapshot_operation:
        with locking.FileLock(lock_path, "chroot lock") as lock:
            chroot_vg, chroot_lv = cros_sdk_lib.FindChrootMountSource(
                options.chroot
            )
            if not chroot_vg or not chroot_lv:
                cros_build_lib.Die(
                    "Unable to find VG/LV for chroot %s", options.chroot
                )

            # Delete snapshot before creating a new one. This allows the user to
            # throw out old state, create a new snapshot, and enter the chroot
            # in a single call to cros_sdk. Since restore involves deleting,
            # also do it before creating.
            if options.snapshot_restore:
                lock.write_lock()
                valid_snapshots = ListChrootSnapshots(chroot_vg, chroot_lv)
                if options.snapshot_restore not in valid_snapshots:
                    cros_build_lib.Die(
                        "%s is not a valid snapshot to restore to. "
                        "Valid snapshots: %s",
                        options.snapshot_restore,
                        ", ".join(valid_snapshots),
                    )
                osutils.UmountTree(options.chroot)
                if not RestoreChrootSnapshot(
                    options.snapshot_restore, chroot_vg, chroot_lv
                ):
                    cros_build_lib.Die("Unable to restore chroot to snapshot.")
                if not cros_sdk_lib.MountChroot(options.chroot, create=False):
                    cros_build_lib.Die(
                        "Unable to mount restored snapshot onto chroot."
                    )

            # Use a read lock for snapshot delete and create even though they
            # modify the filesystem, because they don't modify the mounted
            # chroot itself. The underlying LVM commands take their own locks,
            # so conflicting concurrent operations here may crash cros_sdk, but
            # won't corrupt the chroot image.  This tradeoff seems worth it to
            # allow snapshot operations on chroots that have a process inside.
            if options.snapshot_delete:
                lock.read_lock()
                DeleteChrootSnapshot(
                    options.snapshot_delete, chroot_vg, chroot_lv
                )

            if options.snapshot_create:
                lock.read_lock()
                if not CreateChrootSnapshot(
                    options.snapshot_create, chroot_vg, chroot_lv
                ):
                    cros_build_lib.Die("Unable to create snapshot.")

    img_path = _ImageFileForChroot(options.chroot)
    if (
        options.use_image
        and os.path.exists(options.chroot)
        and os.path.exists(img_path)
    ):
        img_stat = os.stat(img_path)
        img_used_bytes = img_stat.st_blocks * 512

        mount_stat = os.statvfs(options.chroot)
        mount_used_bytes = mount_stat.f_frsize * (
            mount_stat.f_blocks - mount_stat.f_bfree
        )

        extra_gbs = (img_used_bytes - mount_used_bytes) // 2**30
        if extra_gbs > MAX_UNUSED_IMAGE_GBS:
            logging.notice(
                "%s is using %s GiB more than needed.  Running "
                "fstrim in background.",
                img_path,
                extra_gbs,
            )
            pid = os.fork()
            if pid == 0:
                try:
                    # Directly call Popen to run fstrim concurrently.
                    cmd = ["fstrim", options.chroot]
                    subprocess.Popen(cmd, close_fds=True, shell=False)
                except subprocess.SubprocessError as e:
                    logging.warning(
                        "Running fstrim failed. Consider running fstrim on "
                        "your chroot manually.\n%s",
                        e,
                    )
                os._exit(0)  # pylint: disable=protected-access
            os.waitpid(pid, 0)

    # Enter a new set of namespaces.  Everything after here cannot directly
    # affect the hosts's mounts or alter LVM volumes.
    namespaces.SimpleUnshare(net=options.ns_net, pid=options.ns_pid)

    if options.snapshot_list:
        for snap in ListChrootSnapshots(chroot_vg, chroot_lv):
            print(snap)
        sys.exit(0)

    if not options.sdk_version:
        sdk_version = (
            bootstrap_latest_version
            if options.bootstrap
            else sdk_latest_version
        )
    else:
        sdk_version = options.sdk_version
    if options.buildbot_log_version:
        cbuildbot_alerts.PrintBuildbotStepText(sdk_version)

    # Based on selections, determine the tarball to fetch.
    urls = []
    if options.download:
        if options.sdk_url:
            urls = [options.sdk_url]
        else:
            urls = GetArchStageTarballs(sdk_version)

    with locking.FileLock(lock_path, "chroot lock") as lock:
        if options.proxy_sim:
            _ProxySimSetup(options)

        sdk_cache = os.path.join(options.cache_dir, "sdks")
        distfiles_cache = os.path.join(options.cache_dir, "distfiles")
        osutils.SafeMakedirsNonRoot(options.cache_dir)

        for target in (sdk_cache, distfiles_cache):
            src = os.path.join(constants.SOURCE_ROOT, os.path.basename(target))
            if not os.path.exists(src):
                osutils.SafeMakedirsNonRoot(target)
                continue
            lock.write_lock(
                "Upgrade to %r needed but chroot is locked; please exit "
                "all instances so this upgrade can finish." % src
            )
            if not os.path.exists(src):
                # Note that while waiting for the write lock, src may've
                # vanished; it's a rare race during the upgrade process that's a
                # byproduct of us avoiding taking a write lock to do the src
                # check.  If we took a write lock for that check, it would
                # effectively limit all cros_sdk for a chroot to a single
                # instance.
                osutils.SafeMakedirsNonRoot(target)
            elif not os.path.exists(target):
                # Upgrade occurred, but a reversion, or something whacky
                # occurred writing to the old location.  Wipe and continue.
                os.rename(src, target)
            else:
                # Upgrade occurred once already, but either a reversion or
                # some before/after separate cros_sdk usage is at play.
                # Wipe and continue.
                osutils.RmDir(src)

        mounted = False
        if options.create:
            lock.write_lock()
            # Recheck if the chroot is set up here before creating to make sure
            # we account for whatever the various delete/unmount/remount steps
            # above have done.
            if cros_sdk_lib.IsChrootReady(options.chroot):
                logging.debug("Chroot already exists.  Skipping creation.")
            else:
                sdk_tarball = FetchRemoteTarballs(sdk_cache, urls)
                cros_sdk_lib.CreateChroot(
                    Path(options.chroot),
                    Path(sdk_tarball),
                    Path(options.cache_dir),
                    usepkg=not options.bootstrap and not options.nousepkg,
                    chroot_upgrade=options.chroot_upgrade,
                )
                mounted = True
        elif options.download:
            # Allow downloading only.
            lock.write_lock()
            FetchRemoteTarballs(sdk_cache, urls)

        if options.enter:
            lock.read_lock()
            if not mounted:
                cros_sdk_lib.MountChrootPaths(options.chroot)
            ret = EnterChroot(
                options.chroot,
                options.cache_dir,
                options.chrome_root,
                options.chrome_root_mount,
                options.goma_dir,
                options.goma_client_json,
                options.reclient_dir,
                options.reproxy_cfg_file,
                options.working_dir,
                chroot_command,
            )
            sys.exit(ret.returncode)