examples/cwebp.c

// Copyright 2011 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
//
// This code is licensed under the same terms as WebM:
//  Software License Agreement:  http://www.webmproject.org/license/software/
//  Additional IP Rights Grant:  http://www.webmproject.org/license/additional/
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
//  simple command line calling the WebPEncode function.
//  Encodes a raw .YUV into WebP bitstream
//
// Author: Skal (pascal.massimino@gmail.com)

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include "config.h"
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_WINCODEC_H
#ifdef __MINGW32__
#define INITGUID  // Without this GUIDs are declared extern and fail to link
#endif
#define CINTERFACE
#define COBJMACROS
#define _WIN32_IE 0x500  // Workaround bug in shlwapi.h when compiling C++
                         // code with COBJMACROS.
#include <shlwapi.h>
#include <windows.h>
#include <wincodec.h>
#endif  /* HAVE_WINCODEC_H */


#include "webp/encode.h"

#include "./metadata.h"
#include "./stopwatch.h"

#include "./jpegdec.h"
#include "./pngdec.h"
#include "./tiffdec.h"

#ifndef WEBP_DLL
#if defined(__cplusplus) || defined(c_plusplus)
extern "C" {
#endif

extern void* VP8GetCPUInfo;   // opaque forward declaration.

#if defined(__cplusplus) || defined(c_plusplus)
}    // extern "C"
#endif
#endif  // WEBP_DLL

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------

static int verbose = 0;

static int ReadYUV(FILE* in_file, WebPPicture* const pic) {
  const int use_argb = pic->use_argb;
  const int uv_width = (pic->width + 1) / 2;
  const int uv_height = (pic->height + 1) / 2;
  int y;
  int ok = 0;

  pic->use_argb = 0;
  if (!WebPPictureAlloc(pic)) return ok;

  for (y = 0; y < pic->height; ++y) {
    if (fread(pic->y + y * pic->y_stride, pic->width, 1, in_file) != 1) {
      goto End;
    }
  }
  for (y = 0; y < uv_height; ++y) {
    if (fread(pic->u + y * pic->uv_stride, uv_width, 1, in_file) != 1)
      goto End;
  }
  for (y = 0; y < uv_height; ++y) {
    if (fread(pic->v + y * pic->uv_stride, uv_width, 1, in_file) != 1)
      goto End;
  }
  ok = 1;
  if (use_argb) ok = WebPPictureYUVAToARGB(pic);

 End:
  return ok;
}

#ifdef HAVE_WINCODEC_H

#define IFS(fn)                                                     \
  do {                                                              \
     if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) {                                           \
        hr = (fn);                                                  \
        if (FAILED(hr)) fprintf(stderr, #fn " failed %08x\n", hr);  \
     }                                                              \
  } while (0)

// modified version of DEFINE_GUID from guiddef.h.
#define WEBP_DEFINE_GUID(name, l, w1, w2, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, b7, b8) \
  const GUID name = { l, w1, w2, { b1, b2,  b3,  b4,  b5,  b6,  b7,  b8 } }

#ifdef __cplusplus
#define MAKE_REFGUID(x) (x)
#else
#define MAKE_REFGUID(x) &(x)
#endif

typedef struct WICFormatImporter {
  const GUID* pixel_format;
  int bytes_per_pixel;
  int (*import)(WebPPicture* const, const uint8_t* const, int);
} WICFormatImporter;

static HRESULT OpenInputStream(const char* filename, IStream** ppStream) {
  HRESULT hr = S_OK;
  IFS(SHCreateStreamOnFileA(filename, STGM_READ, ppStream));
  if (FAILED(hr))
    fprintf(stderr, "Error opening input file %s (%08x)\n", filename, hr);
  return hr;
}

static HRESULT ReadPictureWithWIC(const char* filename,
                                  WebPPicture* const pic, int keep_alpha) {
  // From Microsoft SDK 7.0a -- wincodec.h
  // Create local copies for compatibility when building against earlier
  // versions of the SDK.
  WEBP_DEFINE_GUID(GUID_WICPixelFormat24bppBGR_,
                   0x6fddc324, 0x4e03, 0x4bfe,
                   0xb1, 0x85, 0x3d, 0x77, 0x76, 0x8d, 0xc9, 0x0c);
  WEBP_DEFINE_GUID(GUID_WICPixelFormat24bppRGB_,
                   0x6fddc324, 0x4e03, 0x4bfe,
                   0xb1, 0x85, 0x3d, 0x77, 0x76, 0x8d, 0xc9, 0x0d);
  WEBP_DEFINE_GUID(GUID_WICPixelFormat32bppBGRA_,
                   0x6fddc324, 0x4e03, 0x4bfe,
                   0xb1, 0x85, 0x3d, 0x77, 0x76, 0x8d, 0xc9, 0x0f);
  WEBP_DEFINE_GUID(GUID_WICPixelFormat32bppRGBA_,
                   0xf5c7ad2d, 0x6a8d, 0x43dd,
                   0xa7, 0xa8, 0xa2, 0x99, 0x35, 0x26, 0x1a, 0xe9);
  const WICFormatImporter alphaFormatImporters[] = {
    { &GUID_WICPixelFormat32bppBGRA_, 4, WebPPictureImportBGRA },
    { &GUID_WICPixelFormat32bppRGBA_, 4, WebPPictureImportRGBA },
    { NULL, 0, NULL },
  };
  const WICFormatImporter nonAlphaFormatImporters[] = {
    { &GUID_WICPixelFormat24bppBGR_, 3, WebPPictureImportBGR },
    { &GUID_WICPixelFormat24bppRGB_, 3, WebPPictureImportRGB },
    { NULL, 0, NULL },
  };
  HRESULT hr = S_OK;
  IWICBitmapFrameDecode* pFrame = NULL;
  IWICFormatConverter* pConverter = NULL;
  IWICImagingFactory* pFactory = NULL;
  IWICBitmapDecoder* pDecoder = NULL;
  IStream* pStream = NULL;
  UINT frameCount = 0;
  UINT width = 0, height = 0;
  BYTE* rgb = NULL;
  WICPixelFormatGUID srcPixelFormat = { 0 };
  const WICFormatImporter* importer = NULL;
  GUID srcContainerFormat = { 0 };
  const GUID* alphaContainers[] = {
    &GUID_ContainerFormatBmp,
    &GUID_ContainerFormatPng,
    &GUID_ContainerFormatTiff
  };
  int has_alpha = 0;
  int i, stride;

  IFS(CoInitialize(NULL));
  IFS(CoCreateInstance(MAKE_REFGUID(CLSID_WICImagingFactory), NULL,
          CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER, MAKE_REFGUID(IID_IWICImagingFactory),
          (LPVOID*)&pFactory));
  if (hr == REGDB_E_CLASSNOTREG) {
    fprintf(stderr,
            "Couldn't access Windows Imaging Component (are you running "
            "Windows XP SP3 or newer?). Most formats not available. "
            "Use -s for the available YUV input.\n");
  }
  // Prepare for image decoding.
  IFS(OpenInputStream(filename, &pStream));
  IFS(IWICImagingFactory_CreateDecoderFromStream(pFactory, pStream, NULL,
          WICDecodeMetadataCacheOnDemand, &pDecoder));
  IFS(IWICBitmapDecoder_GetFrameCount(pDecoder, &frameCount));
  if (SUCCEEDED(hr) && frameCount == 0) {
    fprintf(stderr, "No frame found in input file.\n");
    hr = E_FAIL;
  }
  IFS(IWICBitmapDecoder_GetFrame(pDecoder, 0, &pFrame));
  IFS(IWICBitmapFrameDecode_GetPixelFormat(pFrame, &srcPixelFormat));
  IFS(IWICBitmapDecoder_GetContainerFormat(pDecoder, &srcContainerFormat));

  if (keep_alpha) {
    for (i = 0;
         i < sizeof(alphaContainers) / sizeof(alphaContainers[0]);
         ++i) {
      if (IsEqualGUID(MAKE_REFGUID(srcContainerFormat),
                      MAKE_REFGUID(*alphaContainers[i]))) {
        has_alpha =
            IsEqualGUID(MAKE_REFGUID(srcPixelFormat),
                        MAKE_REFGUID(GUID_WICPixelFormat32bppRGBA_)) ||
            IsEqualGUID(MAKE_REFGUID(srcPixelFormat),
                        MAKE_REFGUID(GUID_WICPixelFormat32bppBGRA_));
        break;
      }
    }
  }

  // Prepare for pixel format conversion (if necessary).
  IFS(IWICImagingFactory_CreateFormatConverter(pFactory, &pConverter));

  for (importer = has_alpha ? alphaFormatImporters : nonAlphaFormatImporters;
       hr == S_OK && importer->import != NULL; ++importer) {
    BOOL canConvert;
    const HRESULT cchr = IWICFormatConverter_CanConvert(
        pConverter,
        MAKE_REFGUID(srcPixelFormat),
        MAKE_REFGUID(*importer->pixel_format),
        &canConvert);
    if (SUCCEEDED(cchr) && canConvert) break;
  }
  if (importer->import == NULL) hr = E_FAIL;

  IFS(IWICFormatConverter_Initialize(pConverter, (IWICBitmapSource*)pFrame,
          importer->pixel_format,
          WICBitmapDitherTypeNone,
          NULL, 0.0, WICBitmapPaletteTypeCustom));

  // Decode.
  IFS(IWICFormatConverter_GetSize(pConverter, &width, &height));
  stride = importer->bytes_per_pixel * width * sizeof(*rgb);
  if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
    rgb = (BYTE*)malloc(stride * height);
    if (rgb == NULL)
      hr = E_OUTOFMEMORY;
  }
  IFS(IWICFormatConverter_CopyPixels(pConverter, NULL, stride,
          stride * height, rgb));

  // WebP conversion.
  if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
    int ok;
    pic->width = width;
    pic->height = height;
    ok = importer->import(pic, rgb, stride);
    if (!ok)
      hr = E_FAIL;
  }
  if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
    if (has_alpha && keep_alpha == 2) {
      WebPCleanupTransparentArea(pic);
    }
  }

  // Cleanup.
  if (pConverter != NULL) IUnknown_Release(pConverter);
  if (pFrame != NULL) IUnknown_Release(pFrame);
  if (pDecoder != NULL) IUnknown_Release(pDecoder);
  if (pFactory != NULL) IUnknown_Release(pFactory);
  if (pStream != NULL) IUnknown_Release(pStream);
  free(rgb);
  return hr;
}

static int ReadPicture(const char* const filename, WebPPicture* const pic,
                       int keep_alpha, Metadata* const metadata) {
  int ok;
  (void)metadata;  // TODO(jzern): add metadata extraction using WIC
  if (pic->width != 0 && pic->height != 0) {
    // If image size is specified, infer it as YUV format.
    FILE* in_file = fopen(filename, "rb");
    if (in_file == NULL) {
      fprintf(stderr, "Error! Cannot open input file '%s'\n", filename);
      return 0;
    }
    ok = ReadYUV(in_file, pic);
    fclose(in_file);
  } else {
    // If no size specified, try to decode it using WIC.
    ok = SUCCEEDED(ReadPictureWithWIC(filename, pic, keep_alpha));
  }
  if (!ok) {
    fprintf(stderr, "Error! Could not process file %s\n", filename);
  }
  return ok;
}

#else  // !HAVE_WINCODEC_H

typedef enum {
  PNG_ = 0,
  JPEG_,
  TIFF_,  // 'TIFF' clashes with libtiff
  UNSUPPORTED
} InputFileFormat;

static InputFileFormat GetImageType(FILE* in_file) {
  InputFileFormat format = UNSUPPORTED;
  unsigned int magic;
  unsigned char buf[4];

  if ((fread(&buf[0], 4, 1, in_file) != 1) ||
      (fseek(in_file, 0, SEEK_SET) != 0)) {
    return format;
  }

  magic = (buf[0] << 24) | (buf[1] << 16) | (buf[2] << 8) | buf[3];
  if (magic == 0x89504E47U) {
    format = PNG_;
  } else if (magic >= 0xFFD8FF00U && magic <= 0xFFD8FFFFU) {
    format = JPEG_;
  } else if (magic == 0x49492A00 || magic == 0x4D4D002A) {
    format = TIFF_;
  }
  return format;
}

static int ReadPicture(const char* const filename, WebPPicture* const pic,
                       int keep_alpha, Metadata* const metadata) {
  int ok = 0;
  FILE* in_file = fopen(filename, "rb");
  if (in_file == NULL) {
    fprintf(stderr, "Error! Cannot open input file '%s'\n", filename);
    return ok;
  }

  if (pic->width == 0 || pic->height == 0) {
    // If no size specified, try to decode it as PNG/JPEG (as appropriate).
    const InputFileFormat format = GetImageType(in_file);
    if (format == PNG_) {
      ok = ReadPNG(in_file, pic, keep_alpha, metadata);
    } else if (format == JPEG_) {
      ok = ReadJPEG(in_file, pic, metadata);
    } else if (format == TIFF_) {
      ok = ReadTIFF(filename, pic, keep_alpha, metadata);
    }
  } else {
    // If image size is specified, infer it as YUV format.
    ok = ReadYUV(in_file, pic);
  }
  if (!ok) {
    fprintf(stderr, "Error! Could not process file %s\n", filename);
  }

  fclose(in_file);
  return ok;
}

#endif  // !HAVE_WINCODEC_H

static void AllocExtraInfo(WebPPicture* const pic) {
  const int mb_w = (pic->width + 15) / 16;
  const int mb_h = (pic->height + 15) / 16;
  pic->extra_info = (uint8_t*)malloc(mb_w * mb_h * sizeof(*pic->extra_info));
}

static void PrintByteCount(const int bytes[4], int total_size,
                           int* const totals) {
  int s;
  int total = 0;
  for (s = 0; s < 4; ++s) {
    fprintf(stderr, "| %7d ", bytes[s]);
    total += bytes[s];
    if (totals) totals[s] += bytes[s];
  }
  fprintf(stderr, "| %7d  (%.1f%%)\n", total, 100.f * total / total_size);
}

static void PrintPercents(const int counts[4], int total) {
  int s;
  for (s = 0; s < 4; ++s) {
    fprintf(stderr, "|      %2d%%", 100 * counts[s] / total);
  }
  fprintf(stderr, "| %7d\n", total);
}

static void PrintValues(const int values[4]) {
  int s;
  for (s = 0; s < 4; ++s) {
    fprintf(stderr, "| %7d ", values[s]);
  }
  fprintf(stderr, "|\n");
}

static void PrintFullLosslessInfo(const WebPAuxStats* const stats,
                                  const char* const description) {
  fprintf(stderr, "Lossless-%s compressed size: %d bytes\n",
          description, stats->lossless_size);
  if (stats->lossless_features) {
    fprintf(stderr, "  * Lossless features used:");
    if (stats->lossless_features & 1) fprintf(stderr, " PREDICTION");
    if (stats->lossless_features & 2) fprintf(stderr, " CROSS-COLOR-TRANSFORM");
    if (stats->lossless_features & 4) fprintf(stderr, " SUBTRACT-GREEN");
    if (stats->lossless_features & 8) fprintf(stderr, " PALETTE");
    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
  }
  fprintf(stderr, "  * Precision Bits: histogram=%d transform=%d cache=%d\n",
          stats->histogram_bits, stats->transform_bits, stats->cache_bits);
  if (stats->palette_size > 0) {
    fprintf(stderr, "  * Palette size:   %d\n", stats->palette_size);
  }
}

static void PrintExtraInfoLossless(const WebPPicture* const pic,
                                   int short_output,
                                   const char* const file_name) {
  const WebPAuxStats* const stats = pic->stats;
  if (short_output) {
    fprintf(stderr, "%7d %2.2f\n", stats->coded_size, stats->PSNR[3]);
  } else {
    fprintf(stderr, "File:      %s\n", file_name);
    fprintf(stderr, "Dimension: %d x %d\n", pic->width, pic->height);
    fprintf(stderr, "Output:    %d bytes\n", stats->coded_size);
    PrintFullLosslessInfo(stats, "ARGB");
  }
}

static void PrintExtraInfoLossy(const WebPPicture* const pic, int short_output,
                                const char* const file_name) {
  const WebPAuxStats* const stats = pic->stats;
  if (short_output) {
    fprintf(stderr, "%7d %2.2f\n", stats->coded_size, stats->PSNR[3]);
  } else {
    const int num_i4 = stats->block_count[0];
    const int num_i16 = stats->block_count[1];
    const int num_skip = stats->block_count[2];
    const int total = num_i4 + num_i16;
    fprintf(stderr, "File:      %s\n", file_name);
    fprintf(stderr, "Dimension: %d x %d%s\n",
            pic->width, pic->height,
            stats->alpha_data_size ? " (with alpha)" : "");
    fprintf(stderr, "Output:    "
            "%d bytes Y-U-V-All-PSNR %2.2f %2.2f %2.2f   %2.2f dB\n",
            stats->coded_size,
            stats->PSNR[0], stats->PSNR[1], stats->PSNR[2], stats->PSNR[3]);
    if (total > 0) {
      int totals[4] = { 0, 0, 0, 0 };
      fprintf(stderr, "block count:  intra4: %d\n"
                      "              intra16: %d  (-> %.2f%%)\n",
              num_i4, num_i16, 100.f * num_i16 / total);
      fprintf(stderr, "              skipped block: %d (%.2f%%)\n",
              num_skip, 100.f * num_skip / total);
      fprintf(stderr, "bytes used:  header:         %6d  (%.1f%%)\n"
                      "             mode-partition: %6d  (%.1f%%)\n",
              stats->header_bytes[0],
              100.f * stats->header_bytes[0] / stats->coded_size,
              stats->header_bytes[1],
              100.f * stats->header_bytes[1] / stats->coded_size);
      if (stats->alpha_data_size > 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "             transparency:   %6d (%.1f dB)\n",
                stats->alpha_data_size, stats->PSNR[4]);
      }
      if (stats->layer_data_size) {
        fprintf(stderr, "             enhancement:    %6d\n",
                stats->layer_data_size);
      }
      fprintf(stderr, " Residuals bytes  "
                      "|segment 1|segment 2|segment 3"
                      "|segment 4|  total\n");
      fprintf(stderr, "  intra4-coeffs:  ");
      PrintByteCount(stats->residual_bytes[0], stats->coded_size, totals);
      fprintf(stderr, " intra16-coeffs:  ");
      PrintByteCount(stats->residual_bytes[1], stats->coded_size, totals);
      fprintf(stderr, "  chroma coeffs:  ");
      PrintByteCount(stats->residual_bytes[2], stats->coded_size, totals);
      fprintf(stderr, "    macroblocks:  ");
      PrintPercents(stats->segment_size, total);
      fprintf(stderr, "      quantizer:  ");
      PrintValues(stats->segment_quant);
      fprintf(stderr, "   filter level:  ");
      PrintValues(stats->segment_level);
      fprintf(stderr, "------------------+---------");
      fprintf(stderr, "+---------+---------+---------+-----------------\n");
      fprintf(stderr, " segments total:  ");
      PrintByteCount(totals, stats->coded_size, NULL);
    }
    if (stats->lossless_size > 0) {
      PrintFullLosslessInfo(stats, "alpha");
    }
  }
  if (pic->extra_info != NULL) {
    const int mb_w = (pic->width + 15) / 16;
    const int mb_h = (pic->height + 15) / 16;
    const int type = pic->extra_info_type;
    int x, y;
    for (y = 0; y < mb_h; ++y) {
      for (x = 0; x < mb_w; ++x) {
        const int c = pic->extra_info[x + y * mb_w];
        if (type == 1) {   // intra4/intra16
          printf("%c", "+."[c]);
        } else if (type == 2) {    // segments
          printf("%c", ".-*X"[c]);
        } else if (type == 3) {    // quantizers
          printf("%.2d ", c);
        } else if (type == 6 || type == 7) {
          printf("%3d ", c);
        } else {
          printf("0x%.2x ", c);
        }
      }
      printf("\n");
    }
  }
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------

static int MyWriter(const uint8_t* data, size_t data_size,
                    const WebPPicture* const pic) {
  FILE* const out = (FILE*)pic->custom_ptr;
  return data_size ? (fwrite(data, data_size, 1, out) == 1) : 1;
}

// Dumps a picture as a PGM file using the IMC4 layout.
static int DumpPicture(const WebPPicture* const picture, const char* PGM_name) {
  int y;
  const int uv_width = (picture->width + 1) / 2;
  const int uv_height = (picture->height + 1) / 2;
  const int stride = (picture->width + 1) & ~1;
  const int alpha_height =
      WebPPictureHasTransparency(picture) ? picture->height : 0;
  const int height = picture->height + uv_height + alpha_height;
  FILE* const f = fopen(PGM_name, "wb");
  if (f == NULL) return 0;
  fprintf(f, "P5\n%d %d\n255\n", stride, height);
  for (y = 0; y < picture->height; ++y) {
    if (fwrite(picture->y + y * picture->y_stride, picture->width, 1, f) != 1)
      return 0;
    if (picture->width & 1) fputc(0, f);  // pad
  }
  for (y = 0; y < uv_height; ++y) {
    if (fwrite(picture->u + y * picture->uv_stride, uv_width, 1, f) != 1)
      return 0;
    if (fwrite(picture->v + y * picture->uv_stride, uv_width, 1, f) != 1)
      return 0;
  }
  for (y = 0; y < alpha_height; ++y) {
    if (fwrite(picture->a + y * picture->a_stride, picture->width, 1, f) != 1)
      return 0;
    if (picture->width & 1) fputc(0, f);  // pad
  }
  fclose(f);
  return 1;
}

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Metadata writing.

enum {
  METADATA_EXIF = (1 << 0),
  METADATA_ICCP = (1 << 1),
  METADATA_XMP  = (1 << 2),
  METADATA_ALL  = METADATA_EXIF | METADATA_ICCP | METADATA_XMP
};

static const int kChunkHeaderSize = 8;
static const int kTagSize = 4;

// Outputs, in little endian, 'num' bytes from 'val' to 'out'.
static int WriteLE(FILE* const out, uint32_t val, int num) {
  uint8_t buf[4];
  int i;
  for (i = 0; i < num; ++i) {
    buf[i] = (uint8_t)(val & 0xff);
    val >>= 8;
  }
  return (fwrite(buf, num, 1, out) == 1);
}

static int WriteLE24(FILE* const out, uint32_t val) {
  return WriteLE(out, val, 3);
}

static int WriteLE32(FILE* const out, uint32_t val) {
  return WriteLE(out, val, 4);
}

static int WriteMetadataChunk(FILE* const out, const char fourcc[4],
                              const MetadataPayload* const payload) {
  const uint8_t zero = 0;
  const size_t need_padding = payload->size & 1;
  int ok = (fwrite(fourcc, kTagSize, 1, out) == 1);
  ok = ok && WriteLE32(out, (uint32_t)payload->size);
  ok = ok && (fwrite(payload->bytes, payload->size, 1, out) == 1);
  return ok && (fwrite(&zero, need_padding, need_padding, out) == need_padding);
}

// Sets 'flag' in 'vp8x_flags' and updates 'metadata_size' with the size of the
// chunk if there is metadata and 'keep' is true.
static int UpdateFlagsAndSize(const MetadataPayload* const payload,
                              int keep, int flag,
                              uint32_t* vp8x_flags, uint64_t* metadata_size) {
  if (keep && payload->bytes != NULL && payload->size > 0) {
    *vp8x_flags |= flag;
    *metadata_size += kChunkHeaderSize + payload->size + (payload->size & 1);
    return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}

// Writes a WebP file using the image contained in 'memory_writer' and the
// metadata from 'metadata'. Metadata is controlled by 'keep_metadata' and the
// availability in 'metadata'. Returns true on success.
// For details see doc/webp-container-spec.txt#extended-file-format.
static int WriteWebPWithMetadata(FILE* const out,
                                 const WebPPicture* const picture,
                                 const WebPMemoryWriter* const memory_writer,
                                 const Metadata* const metadata,
                                 int keep_metadata) {
  const char kVP8XHeader[] = "VP8X\x0a\x00\x00\x00";
  const int kAlphaFlag = 0x10;
  const int kEXIFFlag  = 0x08;
  const int kICCPFlag  = 0x20;
  const int kXMPFlag   = 0x04;
  const size_t kRiffHeaderSize = 12;
  const size_t kMaxChunkPayload = ~0 - kChunkHeaderSize - 1;
  const size_t kMinSize = kRiffHeaderSize + kChunkHeaderSize;
  uint32_t flags = 0;
  uint64_t metadata_size = 0;
  const int write_exif = UpdateFlagsAndSize(&metadata->exif,
                                            !!(keep_metadata & METADATA_EXIF),
                                            kEXIFFlag, &flags, &metadata_size);
  const int write_iccp = UpdateFlagsAndSize(&metadata->iccp,
                                            !!(keep_metadata & METADATA_ICCP),
                                            kICCPFlag, &flags, &metadata_size);
  const int write_xmp  = UpdateFlagsAndSize(&metadata->xmp,
                                            !!(keep_metadata & METADATA_XMP),
                                            kXMPFlag, &flags, &metadata_size);
  uint8_t* webp = memory_writer->mem;
  size_t webp_size = memory_writer->size;
  if (webp_size < kMinSize) return 0;
  if (webp_size - kChunkHeaderSize + metadata_size > kMaxChunkPayload) {
    fprintf(stderr, "Error! Addition of metadata would exceed "
                    "container size limit.\n");
    return 0;
  }

  if (metadata_size > 0) {
    const int kVP8XChunkSize = 18;
    const int has_vp8x = !memcmp(webp + kRiffHeaderSize, "VP8X", kTagSize);
    const uint32_t riff_size = (uint32_t)(webp_size - kChunkHeaderSize +
                                          (has_vp8x ? 0 : kVP8XChunkSize) +
                                          metadata_size);
    // RIFF
    int ok = (fwrite(webp, kTagSize, 1, out) == 1);
    // RIFF size (file header size is not recorded)
    ok = ok && WriteLE32(out, riff_size);
    webp += kChunkHeaderSize;
    webp_size -= kChunkHeaderSize;
    // WEBP
    ok = ok && (fwrite(webp, kTagSize, 1, out) == 1);
    webp += kTagSize;
    webp_size -= kTagSize;
    if (has_vp8x) {  // update the existing VP8X flags
      webp[kChunkHeaderSize] |= (uint8_t)(flags & 0xff);
      ok = ok && (fwrite(webp, kVP8XChunkSize, 1, out) == 1);
      webp_size -= kVP8XChunkSize;
    } else {
      const int is_lossless = !memcmp(webp, "VP8L", kTagSize);
      // The alpha flag is forced with lossless images.
      if (is_lossless) flags |= kAlphaFlag;
      ok = ok && (fwrite(kVP8XHeader, kChunkHeaderSize, 1, out) == 1);
      ok = ok && WriteLE32(out, flags);
      ok = ok && WriteLE24(out, picture->width - 1);
      ok = ok && WriteLE24(out, picture->height - 1);
    }
    if (write_iccp) ok = ok && WriteMetadataChunk(out, "ICCP", &metadata->iccp);
    // Image
    ok = ok && (fwrite(webp, webp_size, 1, out) == 1);
    if (write_exif) ok = ok && WriteMetadataChunk(out, "EXIF", &metadata->exif);
    if (write_xmp)  ok = ok && WriteMetadataChunk(out, "XMP ", &metadata->xmp);
    return ok;
  } else {
    // No metadata, just write the original image file.
    return (fwrite(webp, webp_size, 1, out) == 1);
  }
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------

static int ProgressReport(int percent, const WebPPicture* const picture) {
  printf("[%s]: %3d %%      \r",
         (char*)picture->user_data, percent);
  fflush(stdout);
  return 1;  // all ok
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------

static void HelpShort(void) {
  printf("Usage:\n\n");
  printf("   cwebp [options] -q quality input.png -o output.webp\n\n");
  printf("where quality is between 0 (poor) to 100 (very good).\n");
  printf("Typical value is around 80.\n\n");
  printf("Try -longhelp for an exhaustive list of advanced options.\n");
}

static void HelpLong(void) {
  printf("Usage:\n");
  printf(" cwebp [-preset <...>] [options] in_file [-o out_file]\n\n");
  printf("If input size (-s) for an image is not specified, "
         "it is assumed to be a PNG, JPEG or TIFF file.\n");
#ifdef HAVE_WINCODEC_H
  printf("Windows builds can take as input any of the files handled by WIC\n");
#endif
  printf("options:\n");
  printf("  -h / -help  ............ short help\n");
  printf("  -H / -longhelp  ........ long help\n");
  printf("  -q <float> ............. quality factor (0:small..100:big)\n");
  printf("  -alpha_q <int> ......... Transparency-compression quality "
         "(0..100).\n");
  printf("  -preset <string> ....... Preset setting, one of:\n");
  printf("                            default, photo, picture,\n");
  printf("                            drawing, icon, text\n");
  printf("     -preset must come first, as it overwrites other parameters.");
  printf("\n");
  printf("  -m <int> ............... compression method (0=fast, 6=slowest)\n");
  printf("  -segments <int> ........ number of segments to use (1..4)\n");
  printf("  -size <int> ............ Target size (in bytes)\n");
  printf("  -psnr <float> .......... Target PSNR (in dB. typically: 42)\n");
  printf("\n");
  printf("  -s <int> <int> ......... Input size (width x height) for YUV\n");
  printf("  -sns <int> ............. Spatial Noise Shaping (0:off, 100:max)\n");
  printf("  -f <int> ............... filter strength (0=off..100)\n");
  printf("  -sharpness <int> ....... "
         "filter sharpness (0:most .. 7:least sharp)\n");
  printf("  -strong ................ use strong filter instead of simple.\n");
  printf("  -partition_limit <int> . limit quality to fit the 512k limit on\n");
  printf("                           "
         "the first partition (0=no degradation ... 100=full)\n");
  printf("  -pass <int> ............ analysis pass number (1..10)\n");
  printf("  -crop <x> <y> <w> <h> .. crop picture with the given rectangle\n");
  printf("  -resize <w> <h> ........ resize picture (after any cropping)\n");
#ifdef WEBP_EXPERIMENTAL_FEATURES
  printf("  -444 / -422 / -gray ..... Change colorspace\n");
#endif
  printf("  -map <int> ............. print map of extra info.\n");
  printf("  -print_psnr ............ prints averaged PSNR distortion.\n");
  printf("  -print_ssim ............ prints averaged SSIM distortion.\n");
  printf("  -print_lsim ............ prints local-similarity distortion.\n");
  printf("  -d <file.pgm> .......... dump the compressed output (PGM file).\n");
  printf("  -alpha_method <int> .... Transparency-compression method (0..1)\n");
  printf("  -alpha_filter <string> . predictive filtering for alpha plane.\n");
  printf("                           One of: none, fast (default) or best.\n");
  printf("  -alpha_cleanup ......... Clean RGB values in transparent area.\n");
  printf("  -noalpha ............... discard any transparency information.\n");
  printf("  -lossless .............. Encode image losslessly.\n");
  printf("  -hint <string> ......... Specify image characteristics hint.\n");
  printf("                           One of: photo, picture or graph\n");

  printf("\n");
  printf("  -metadata <string> ..... comma separated list of metadata to\n");
  printf("                           ");
  printf("copy from the input to the output if present.\n");
  printf("                           "
         "Valid values: all, none (default), exif, iccp, xmp\n");

  printf("\n");
  printf("  -short ................. condense printed message\n");
  printf("  -quiet ................. don't print anything.\n");
  printf("  -version ............... print version number and exit.\n");
#ifndef WEBP_DLL
  printf("  -noasm ................. disable all assembly optimizations.\n");
#endif
  printf("  -v ..................... verbose, e.g. print encoding/decoding "
         "times\n");
  printf("  -progress .............. report encoding progress\n");
  printf("\n");
  printf("Experimental Options:\n");
  printf("  -af .................... auto-adjust filter strength.\n");
  printf("  -pre <int> ............. pre-processing filter\n");
  printf("\n");
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Error messages

static const char* const kErrorMessages[] = {
  "OK",
  "OUT_OF_MEMORY: Out of memory allocating objects",
  "BITSTREAM_OUT_OF_MEMORY: Out of memory re-allocating byte buffer",
  "NULL_PARAMETER: NULL parameter passed to function",
  "INVALID_CONFIGURATION: configuration is invalid",
  "BAD_DIMENSION: Bad picture dimension. Maximum width and height "
  "allowed is 16383 pixels.",
  "PARTITION0_OVERFLOW: Partition #0 is too big to fit 512k.\n"
  "To reduce the size of this partition, try using less segments "
  "with the -segments option, and eventually reduce the number of "
  "header bits using -partition_limit. More details are available "
  "in the manual (`man cwebp`)",
  "PARTITION_OVERFLOW: Partition is too big to fit 16M",
  "BAD_WRITE: Picture writer returned an I/O error",
  "FILE_TOO_BIG: File would be too big to fit in 4G",
  "USER_ABORT: encoding abort requested by user"
};

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------

int main(int argc, const char *argv[]) {
  int return_value = -1;
  const char *in_file = NULL, *out_file = NULL, *dump_file = NULL;
  FILE *out = NULL;
  int c;
  int short_output = 0;
  int quiet = 0;
  int keep_alpha = 1;
  int crop = 0, crop_x = 0, crop_y = 0, crop_w = 0, crop_h = 0;
  int resize_w = 0, resize_h = 0;
  int show_progress = 0;
  int keep_metadata = 0;
  WebPPicture picture;
  int print_distortion = -1;        // -1=off, 0=PSNR, 1=SSIM, 2=LSIM
  WebPPicture original_picture;    // when PSNR or SSIM is requested
  WebPConfig config;
  WebPAuxStats stats;
  WebPMemoryWriter memory_writer;
  Metadata metadata;
  Stopwatch stop_watch;

  MetadataInit(&metadata);
  if (!WebPPictureInit(&picture) ||
      !WebPPictureInit(&original_picture) ||
      !WebPConfigInit(&config)) {
    fprintf(stderr, "Error! Version mismatch!\n");
    return -1;
  }

  if (argc == 1) {
    HelpShort();
    return 0;
  }

  for (c = 1; c < argc; ++c) {
    if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-h") || !strcmp(argv[c], "-help")) {
      HelpShort();
      return 0;
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-H") || !strcmp(argv[c], "-longhelp")) {
      HelpLong();
      return 0;
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-o") && c < argc - 1) {
      out_file = argv[++c];
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-d") && c < argc - 1) {
      dump_file = argv[++c];
      config.show_compressed = 1;
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-print_psnr")) {
      config.show_compressed = 1;
      print_distortion = 0;
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-print_ssim")) {
      config.show_compressed = 1;
      print_distortion = 1;
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-print_lsim")) {
      config.show_compressed = 1;
      print_distortion = 2;
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-short")) {
      short_output++;
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-s") && c < argc - 2) {
      picture.width = strtol(argv[++c], NULL, 0);
      picture.height = strtol(argv[++c], NULL, 0);
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-m") && c < argc - 1) {
      config.method = strtol(argv[++c], NULL, 0);
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-q") && c < argc - 1) {
      config.quality = (float)strtod(argv[++c], NULL);
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-alpha_q") && c < argc - 1) {
      config.alpha_quality = strtol(argv[++c], NULL, 0);
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-alpha_method") && c < argc - 1) {
      config.alpha_compression = strtol(argv[++c], NULL, 0);
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-alpha_cleanup")) {
      keep_alpha = keep_alpha ? 2 : 0;
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-alpha_filter") && c < argc - 1) {
      ++c;
      if (!strcmp(argv[c], "none")) {
        config.alpha_filtering = 0;
      } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "fast")) {
        config.alpha_filtering = 1;
      } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "best")) {
        config.alpha_filtering = 2;
      } else {
        fprintf(stderr, "Error! Unrecognized alpha filter: %s\n", argv[c]);
        goto Error;
      }
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-noalpha")) {
      keep_alpha = 0;
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-lossless")) {
      config.lossless = 1;
      picture.use_argb = 1;
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-hint") && c < argc - 1) {
      ++c;
      if (!strcmp(argv[c], "photo")) {
        config.image_hint = WEBP_HINT_PHOTO;
      } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "picture")) {
        config.image_hint = WEBP_HINT_PICTURE;
      } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "graph")) {
        config.image_hint = WEBP_HINT_GRAPH;
      } else {
        fprintf(stderr, "Error! Unrecognized image hint: %s\n", argv[c]);
        goto Error;
      }
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-size") && c < argc - 1) {
      config.target_size = strtol(argv[++c], NULL, 0);
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-psnr") && c < argc - 1) {
      config.target_PSNR = (float)strtod(argv[++c], NULL);
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-sns") && c < argc - 1) {
      config.sns_strength = strtol(argv[++c], NULL, 0);
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-f") && c < argc - 1) {
      config.filter_strength = strtol(argv[++c], NULL, 0);
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-af")) {
      config.autofilter = 1;
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-strong")) {
      config.filter_type = 1;
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-sharpness") && c < argc - 1) {
      config.filter_sharpness = strtol(argv[++c], NULL, 0);
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-pass") && c < argc - 1) {
      config.pass = strtol(argv[++c], NULL, 0);
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-pre") && c < argc - 1) {
      config.preprocessing = strtol(argv[++c], NULL, 0);
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-segments") && c < argc - 1) {
      config.segments = strtol(argv[++c], NULL, 0);
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-partition_limit") && c < argc - 1) {
      config.partition_limit = strtol(argv[++c], NULL, 0);
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-map") && c < argc - 1) {
      picture.extra_info_type = strtol(argv[++c], NULL, 0);
#ifdef WEBP_EXPERIMENTAL_FEATURES
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-444")) {
      picture.colorspace = WEBP_YUV444;
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-422")) {
      picture.colorspace = WEBP_YUV422;
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-gray")) {
      picture.colorspace = WEBP_YUV400;
#endif
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-crop") && c < argc - 4) {
      crop = 1;
      crop_x = strtol(argv[++c], NULL, 0);
      crop_y = strtol(argv[++c], NULL, 0);
      crop_w = strtol(argv[++c], NULL, 0);
      crop_h = strtol(argv[++c], NULL, 0);
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-resize") && c < argc - 2) {
      resize_w = strtol(argv[++c], NULL, 0);
      resize_h = strtol(argv[++c], NULL, 0);
#ifndef WEBP_DLL
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-noasm")) {
      VP8GetCPUInfo = NULL;
#endif
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-version")) {
      const int version = WebPGetEncoderVersion();
      printf("%d.%d.%d\n",
        (version >> 16) & 0xff, (version >> 8) & 0xff, version & 0xff);
      return 0;
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-progress")) {
      show_progress = 1;
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-quiet")) {
      quiet = 1;
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-preset") && c < argc - 1) {
      WebPPreset preset;
      ++c;
      if (!strcmp(argv[c], "default")) {
        preset = WEBP_PRESET_DEFAULT;
      } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "photo")) {
        preset = WEBP_PRESET_PHOTO;
      } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "picture")) {
        preset = WEBP_PRESET_PICTURE;
      } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "drawing")) {
        preset = WEBP_PRESET_DRAWING;
      } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "icon")) {
        preset = WEBP_PRESET_ICON;
      } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "text")) {
        preset = WEBP_PRESET_TEXT;
      } else {
        fprintf(stderr, "Error! Unrecognized preset: %s\n", argv[c]);
        goto Error;
      }
      if (!WebPConfigPreset(&config, preset, config.quality)) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Error! Could initialize configuration with preset.\n");
        goto Error;
      }
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-metadata") && c < argc - 1) {
      static const struct {
        const char* option;
        int flag;
      } kTokens[] = {
        { "all",  METADATA_ALL },
        { "none", 0 },
        { "exif", METADATA_EXIF },
        { "iccp", METADATA_ICCP },
        { "xmp",  METADATA_XMP },
      };
      const size_t kNumTokens = sizeof(kTokens) / sizeof(kTokens[0]);
      const char* start = argv[++c];
      const char* const end = start + strlen(start);

      while (start < end) {
        size_t i;
        const char* token = strchr(start, ',');
        if (token == NULL) token = end;

        for (i = 0; i < kNumTokens; ++i) {
          if ((size_t)(token - start) == strlen(kTokens[i].option) &&
              !strncmp(start, kTokens[i].option, strlen(kTokens[i].option))) {
            if (kTokens[i].flag != 0) {
              keep_metadata |= kTokens[i].flag;
            } else {
              keep_metadata = 0;
            }
            break;
          }
        }
        if (i == kNumTokens) {
          fprintf(stderr, "Error! Unknown metadata type '%.*s'\n",
                  (int)(token - start), start);
          HelpLong();
          return -1;
        }
        start = token + 1;
      }
#ifdef HAVE_WINCODEC_H
      if (keep_metadata != 0) {
        // TODO(jzern): remove when -metadata is supported on all platforms.
        fprintf(stderr, "Warning: -metadata is currently unsupported on this"
                        " platform. Ignoring this option!\n");
      }
#endif
    } else if (!strcmp(argv[c], "-v")) {
      verbose = 1;
    } else if (argv[c][0] == '-') {
      fprintf(stderr, "Error! Unknown option '%s'\n", argv[c]);
      HelpLong();
      return -1;
    } else {
      in_file = argv[c];
    }
  }
  if (in_file == NULL) {
    fprintf(stderr, "No input file specified!\n");
    HelpShort();
    goto Error;
  }

  // Check for unsupported command line options for lossless mode and log
  // warning for such options.
  if (!quiet && config.lossless == 1) {
    if (config.target_size > 0 || config.target_PSNR > 0) {
      fprintf(stderr, "Encoding for specified size or PSNR is not supported"
                      " for lossless encoding. Ignoring such option(s)!\n");
    }
    if (config.partition_limit > 0) {
      fprintf(stderr, "Partition limit option is not required for lossless"
                      " encoding. Ignoring this option!\n");
    }
  }

  if (!WebPValidateConfig(&config)) {
    fprintf(stderr, "Error! Invalid configuration.\n");
    goto Error;
  }

  // Read the input
  if (verbose) {
    StopwatchReadAndReset(&stop_watch);
  }
  if (!ReadPicture(in_file, &picture, keep_alpha,
                   (keep_metadata == 0) ? NULL : &metadata)) {
    fprintf(stderr, "Error! Cannot read input picture file '%s'\n", in_file);
    goto Error;
  }
  picture.progress_hook = (show_progress && !quiet) ? ProgressReport : NULL;

  if (verbose) {
    const double time = StopwatchReadAndReset(&stop_watch);
    fprintf(stderr, "Time to read input: %.3fs\n", time);
  }

  // Open the output
  if (out_file) {
    out = fopen(out_file, "wb");
    if (out == NULL) {
      fprintf(stderr, "Error! Cannot open output file '%s'\n", out_file);
      goto Error;
    } else {
      if (!short_output && !quiet) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Saving file '%s'\n", out_file);
      }
    }
    if (keep_metadata == 0) {
      picture.writer = MyWriter;
      picture.custom_ptr = (void*)out;
    } else {
      WebPMemoryWriterInit(&memory_writer);
      picture.writer = WebPMemoryWrite;
      picture.custom_ptr = (void*)&memory_writer;
    }
  } else {
    out = NULL;
    if (!quiet && !short_output) {
      fprintf(stderr, "No output file specified (no -o flag). Encoding will\n");
      fprintf(stderr, "be performed, but its results discarded.\n\n");
    }
  }
  if (!quiet) {
    picture.stats = &stats;
    picture.user_data = (void*)in_file;
  }

  // Compress
  if (verbose) {
    StopwatchReadAndReset(&stop_watch);
  }
  if (crop != 0) {
    // We use self-cropping using a view.
    if (!WebPPictureView(&picture, crop_x, crop_y, crop_w, crop_h, &picture)) {
      fprintf(stderr, "Error! Cannot crop picture\n");
      goto Error;
    }
  }
  if ((resize_w | resize_h) > 0) {
    if (!WebPPictureRescale(&picture, resize_w, resize_h)) {
      fprintf(stderr, "Error! Cannot resize picture\n");
      goto Error;
    }
  }
  if (picture.extra_info_type > 0) {
    AllocExtraInfo(&picture);
  }
  if (print_distortion >= 0) {  // Save original picture for later comparison
    WebPPictureCopy(&picture, &original_picture);
  }
  if (!WebPEncode(&config, &picture)) {
    fprintf(stderr, "Error! Cannot encode picture as WebP\n");
    fprintf(stderr, "Error code: %d (%s)\n",
            picture.error_code, kErrorMessages[picture.error_code]);
    goto Error;
  }
  if (verbose) {
    const double time = StopwatchReadAndReset(&stop_watch);
    fprintf(stderr, "Time to encode picture: %.3fs\n", time);
  }

  // Write info
  if (dump_file) {
    if (picture.use_argb) {
      fprintf(stderr, "Warning: can't dump file (-d option) in lossless mode.");
    } else if (!DumpPicture(&picture, dump_file)) {
      fprintf(stderr, "Warning, couldn't dump picture %s\n", dump_file);
    }
  }

  if (keep_metadata != 0 && out != NULL) {
    if (!WriteWebPWithMetadata(out, &picture, &memory_writer,
                               &metadata, keep_metadata)) {
      fprintf(stderr, "Error writing WebP file with metadata!\n");
      goto Error;
    }
  }

  if (!quiet) {
    if (config.lossless) {
      PrintExtraInfoLossless(&picture, short_output, in_file);
    } else {
      PrintExtraInfoLossy(&picture, short_output, in_file);
    }
  }
  if (!quiet && !short_output && print_distortion >= 0) {  // print distortion
    static const char* distortion_names[] = { "PSNR", "SSIM", "LSIM" };
    float values[5];
    WebPPictureDistortion(&picture, &original_picture,
                          print_distortion, values);
    fprintf(stderr, "%s: Y:%.2f U:%.2f V:%.2f A:%.2f  Total:%.2f\n",
            distortion_names[print_distortion],
            values[0], values[1], values[2], values[3], values[4]);
  }
  return_value = 0;

 Error:
  free(picture.extra_info);
  MetadataFree(&metadata);
  WebPPictureFree(&picture);
  WebPPictureFree(&original_picture);
  if (out != NULL) {
    fclose(out);
  }

  return return_value;
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------------