specs/stdapi.py

##########################################################################
#
# Copyright 2008-2010 VMware, Inc.
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#
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# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
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# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
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# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
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"""C basic types"""


import debug


class Type:
    """Base class for all types."""

    __tags = set()

    def __init__(self, expr, tag = None):
        self.expr = expr

        # Generate a default tag, used when naming functions that will operate
        # on this type, so it should preferrably be something representative of
        # the type.
        if tag is None:
            if expr is not None:
                tag = ''.join([c for c in expr if c.isalnum() or c in '_'])
            else:
                tag = 'anonynoums'
        else:
            for c in tag:
                assert c.isalnum() or c in '_'

        # Ensure it is unique.
        if tag in Type.__tags:
            suffix = 1
            while tag + str(suffix) in Type.__tags:
                suffix += 1
            tag += str(suffix)

        assert tag not in Type.__tags
        Type.__tags.add(tag)

        self.tag = tag

    def __str__(self):
        """Return the C/C++ type expression for this type."""
        return self.expr

    def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def mutable(self):
        '''Return a mutable version of this type.

        Convenience wrapper around MutableRebuilder.'''
        visitor = MutableRebuilder()
        return visitor.visit(self)

    def depends(self, other):
        '''Whether this type depends on another.'''

        collector = Collector()
        collector.visit(self)
        return other in collector.types


class _Void(Type):
    """Singleton void type."""

    def __init__(self):
        Type.__init__(self, "void")

    def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
        return visitor.visitVoid(self, *args, **kwargs)

Void = _Void()


class Literal(Type):
    """Class to describe literal types.

    Types which are not defined in terms of other types, such as integers and
    floats."""

    def __init__(self, expr, kind):
        Type.__init__(self, expr)
        self.kind = kind

    def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
        return visitor.visitLiteral(self, *args, **kwargs)


Bool = Literal("bool", "Bool")
SChar = Literal("signed char", "SInt")
UChar = Literal("unsigned char", "UInt")
Short = Literal("short", "SInt")
Int = Literal("int", "SInt")
Long = Literal("long", "SInt")
LongLong = Literal("long long", "SInt")
UShort = Literal("unsigned short", "UInt")
UInt = Literal("unsigned int", "UInt")
ULong = Literal("unsigned long", "UInt")
ULongLong = Literal("unsigned long long", "UInt")
Float = Literal("float", "Float")
Double = Literal("double", "Double")
SizeT = Literal("size_t", "UInt")

Char = Literal("char", "SInt")
WChar = Literal("wchar_t", "SInt")

Int8 = Literal("int8_t", "SInt")
UInt8 = Literal("uint8_t", "UInt")
Int16 = Literal("int16_t", "SInt")
UInt16 = Literal("uint16_t", "UInt")
Int32 = Literal("int32_t", "SInt")
UInt32 = Literal("uint32_t", "UInt")
Int64 = Literal("int64_t", "SInt")
UInt64 = Literal("uint64_t", "UInt")

IntPtr = Literal("intptr_t", "SInt")
UIntPtr = Literal("uintptr_t", "UInt")

class Const(Type):

    def __init__(self, type):
        # While "const foo" and "foo const" are synonymous, "const foo *" and
        # "foo * const" are not quite the same, and some compilers do enforce
        # strict const correctness.
        if type.expr.startswith("const ") or '*' in type.expr:
            expr = type.expr + " const"
        else:
            # The most legible
            expr = "const " + type.expr

        Type.__init__(self, expr, 'C' + type.tag)

        self.type = type

    def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
        return visitor.visitConst(self, *args, **kwargs)


class Pointer(Type):

    def __init__(self, type):
        Type.__init__(self, type.expr + " *", 'P' + type.tag)
        self.type = type

    def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
        return visitor.visitPointer(self, *args, **kwargs)


class IntPointer(Type):
    '''Integer encoded as a pointer.'''

    def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
        return visitor.visitIntPointer(self, *args, **kwargs)


class ObjPointer(Type):
    '''Pointer to an object.'''

    def __init__(self, type):
        Type.__init__(self, type.expr + " *", 'P' + type.tag)
        self.type = type

    def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
        return visitor.visitObjPointer(self, *args, **kwargs)


class LinearPointer(Type):
    '''Pointer to a linear range of memory.'''

    def __init__(self, type, size = None):
        Type.__init__(self, type.expr + " *", 'P' + type.tag)
        self.type = type
        self.size = size

    def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
        return visitor.visitLinearPointer(self, *args, **kwargs)


class Reference(Type):
    '''C++ references.'''

    def __init__(self, type):
        Type.__init__(self, type.expr + " &", 'R' + type.tag)
        self.type = type

    def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
        return visitor.visitReference(self, *args, **kwargs)


class Handle(Type):

    def __init__(self, name, type, range=None, key=None):
        Type.__init__(self, type.expr, 'P' + type.tag)
        self.name = name
        self.type = type
        self.range = range
        self.key = key

    def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
        return visitor.visitHandle(self, *args, **kwargs)


def ConstPointer(type):
    return Pointer(Const(type))


class Enum(Type):

    __id = 0

    def __init__(self, name, values):
        Type.__init__(self, name)

        self.id = Enum.__id
        Enum.__id += 1

        self.values = list(values)

    def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
        return visitor.visitEnum(self, *args, **kwargs)


def FakeEnum(type, values):
    return Enum(type.expr, values)


class Bitmask(Type):

    __id = 0

    def __init__(self, type, values):
        Type.__init__(self, type.expr)

        self.id = Bitmask.__id
        Bitmask.__id += 1

        self.type = type
        self.values = values

    def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
        return visitor.visitBitmask(self, *args, **kwargs)

Flags = Bitmask


class Array(Type):

    def __init__(self, type_, length):
        Type.__init__(self, type_.expr + " *")
        self.type = type_
        self.length = length
        if not isinstance(length, int):
            assert isinstance(length, basestring)
            # Check if length is actually a valid constant expression
            try:
                eval(length, {}, {})
            except:
                pass
            else:
                raise ValueError("length %r should be an integer" % length)

    def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
        return visitor.visitArray(self, *args, **kwargs)


class AttribArray(Type):

    def __init__(self, baseType, valueTypes, terminator = '0'):
        self.baseType = baseType
        Type.__init__(self, (Pointer(self.baseType)).expr)
        self.valueTypes = valueTypes
        self.terminator = terminator
        self.hasKeysWithoutValues = False
        for key, value in valueTypes:
            if value is None:
                self.hasKeysWithoutValues = True

    def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
        return visitor.visitAttribArray(self, *args, **kwargs)


class Blob(Type):

    def __init__(self, type, size):
        Type.__init__(self, type.expr + ' *')
        self.type = type
        self.size = size

    def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
        return visitor.visitBlob(self, *args, **kwargs)


class Struct(Type):

    __id = 0

    def __init__(self, name, members):
        Type.__init__(self, name)

        self.id = Struct.__id
        Struct.__id += 1

        self.name = name
        self.members = members

    def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
        return visitor.visitStruct(self, *args, **kwargs)


def Union(kindExpr, kindTypes, contextLess=True):
    switchTypes = []
    for kindCase, kindType, kindMemberName in kindTypes:
        switchType = Struct(None, [(kindType, kindMemberName)])
        switchTypes.append((kindCase, switchType))
    return Polymorphic(kindExpr, switchTypes, contextLess=contextLess)


class Alias(Type):

    def __init__(self, expr, type):
        Type.__init__(self, expr)
        self.type = type

    def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
        return visitor.visitAlias(self, *args, **kwargs)

class Arg:

    def __init__(self, type, name, input=True, output=False):
        self.type = type
        self.name = name
        self.input = input
        self.output = output
        self.index = None

    def __str__(self):
        return '%s %s' % (self.type, self.name)


def In(type, name):
    return Arg(type, name, input=True, output=False)

def Out(type, name):
    return Arg(type, name, input=False, output=True)

def InOut(type, name):
    return Arg(type, name, input=True, output=True)


class Function:

    def __init__(self, type, name, args, call = '', fail = None, sideeffects=True, internal=False):
        self.type = type
        self.name = name

        self.args = []
        index = 0
        for arg in args:
            if not isinstance(arg, Arg):
                if isinstance(arg, tuple):
                    arg_type, arg_name = arg
                else:
                    arg_type = arg
                    arg_name = "arg%u" % index
                arg = Arg(arg_type, arg_name)
            arg.index = index
            index += 1
            self.args.append(arg)

        self.call = call
        self.fail = fail
        self.sideeffects = sideeffects
        self.internal = internal

    def prototype(self, name=None):
        if name is not None:
            name = name.strip()
        else:
            name = self.name
        s = name
        if self.call:
            s = self.call + ' ' + s
        if name.startswith('*'):
            s = '(' + s + ')'
        s = self.type.expr + ' ' + s
        s += "("
        if self.args:
            s += ", ".join(["%s %s" % (arg.type, arg.name) for arg in self.args])
        else:
            s += "void"
        s += ")"
        return s

    def argNames(self):
        return [arg.name for arg in self.args]

    def getArgByName(self, name):
        for arg in self.args:
            if arg.name == name:
                return arg
        return None

    def getArgByType(self, type):
        for arg in self.args:
            if arg.type is type:
                return arg
        return None


def StdFunction(*args, **kwargs):
    kwargs.setdefault('call', '__stdcall')
    return Function(*args, **kwargs)


def FunctionPointer(type, name, args, **kwargs):
    # XXX: We should probably treat function pointers (callbacks or not) in a generic fashion
    return Opaque(name)


class Interface(Type):

    def __init__(self, name, base=None):
        Type.__init__(self, name)
        self.name = name
        self.base = base
        self.methods = []

    def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
        return visitor.visitInterface(self, *args, **kwargs)

    def getMethodByName(self, name):
        for method in self.iterMethods():
            if method.name == name:
                return method
        return None

    def iterMethods(self):
        if self.base is not None:
            for method in self.base.iterMethods():
                yield method
        for method in self.methods:
            yield method
        raise StopIteration

    def iterBases(self):
        iface = self
        while iface is not None:
            yield iface
            iface = iface.base
        raise StopIteration

    def hasBase(self, *bases):
        for iface in self.iterBases():
            if iface in bases:
                return True
        return False

    def iterBaseMethods(self):
        if self.base is not None:
            for iface, method in self.base.iterBaseMethods():
                yield iface, method
        for method in self.methods:
            yield self, method
        raise StopIteration


class Method(Function):

    def __init__(self, type, name, args, call = '', const=False, sideeffects=True):
        assert call == '__stdcall'
        Function.__init__(self, type, name, args, call = call, sideeffects=sideeffects)
        for index in range(len(self.args)):
            self.args[index].index = index + 1
        self.const = const

    def prototype(self, name=None):
        s = Function.prototype(self, name)
        if self.const:
            s += ' const'
        return s


def StdMethod(*args, **kwargs):
    kwargs.setdefault('call', '__stdcall')
    return Method(*args, **kwargs)


class String(Type):
    '''Human-legible character string.'''

    def __init__(self, type = Char, length = None, wide = False):
        assert isinstance(type, Type)
        Type.__init__(self, type.expr + ' *')
        self.type = type
        self.length = length
        self.wide = wide

    def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
        return visitor.visitString(self, *args, **kwargs)


class Opaque(Type):
    '''Opaque pointer.'''

    def __init__(self, expr):
        Type.__init__(self, expr)

    def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
        return visitor.visitOpaque(self, *args, **kwargs)


def OpaquePointer(type, *args):
    return Opaque(type.expr + ' *')

def OpaqueArray(type, size):
    return Opaque(type.expr + ' *')

def OpaqueBlob(type, size):
    return Opaque(type.expr + ' *')


class Polymorphic(Type):

    def __init__(self, switchExpr, switchTypes, defaultType=None, contextLess=True):
        if defaultType is None:
            Type.__init__(self, None)
            contextLess = False
        else:
            Type.__init__(self, defaultType.expr)
        self.switchExpr = switchExpr
        self.switchTypes = switchTypes
        self.defaultType = defaultType
        self.contextLess = contextLess

    def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
        return visitor.visitPolymorphic(self, *args, **kwargs)

    def iterSwitch(self):
        cases = []
        types = []

        if self.defaultType is not None:
            cases.append(['default'])
            types.append(self.defaultType)

        for expr, type in self.switchTypes:
            case = 'case %s' % expr
            try:
                i = types.index(type)
            except ValueError:
                cases.append([case])
                types.append(type)
            else:
                cases[i].append(case)

        return zip(cases, types)


def EnumPolymorphic(enumName, switchExpr, switchTypes, defaultType, contextLess=True):
    enumValues = [expr for expr, type in switchTypes]
    enum = Enum(enumName, enumValues)
    polymorphic = Polymorphic(switchExpr, switchTypes, defaultType, contextLess)
    return enum, polymorphic


class Visitor:
    '''Abstract visitor for the type hierarchy.'''

    def visit(self, type, *args, **kwargs):
        return type.visit(self, *args, **kwargs)

    def visitVoid(self, void, *args, **kwargs):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def visitLiteral(self, literal, *args, **kwargs):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def visitString(self, string, *args, **kwargs):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def visitConst(self, const, *args, **kwargs):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def visitStruct(self, struct, *args, **kwargs):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def visitArray(self, array, *args, **kwargs):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def visitAttribArray(self, array, *args, **kwargs):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def visitBlob(self, blob, *args, **kwargs):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def visitEnum(self, enum, *args, **kwargs):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def visitBitmask(self, bitmask, *args, **kwargs):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def visitPointer(self, pointer, *args, **kwargs):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def visitIntPointer(self, pointer, *args, **kwargs):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def visitObjPointer(self, pointer, *args, **kwargs):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def visitLinearPointer(self, pointer, *args, **kwargs):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def visitReference(self, reference, *args, **kwargs):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def visitHandle(self, handle, *args, **kwargs):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def visitAlias(self, alias, *args, **kwargs):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def visitOpaque(self, opaque, *args, **kwargs):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def visitInterface(self, interface, *args, **kwargs):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def visitPolymorphic(self, polymorphic, *args, **kwargs):
        raise NotImplementedError
        #return self.visit(polymorphic.defaultType, *args, **kwargs)


class OnceVisitor(Visitor):
    '''Visitor that guarantees that each type is visited only once.'''

    def __init__(self):
        self.__visited = set()

    def visit(self, type, *args, **kwargs):
        if type not in self.__visited:
            self.__visited.add(type)
            return type.visit(self, *args, **kwargs)
        return None


class Rebuilder(Visitor):
    '''Visitor which rebuild types as it visits them.

    By itself it is a no-op -- it is intended to be overwritten.
    '''

    def visitVoid(self, void):
        return void

    def visitLiteral(self, literal):
        return literal

    def visitString(self, string):
        string_type = self.visit(string.type)
        if string_type is string.type:
            return string
        else:
            return String(string_type, string.length, string.wide)

    def visitConst(self, const):
        const_type = self.visit(const.type)
        if const_type is const.type:
            return const
        else:
            return Const(const_type)

    def visitStruct(self, struct):
        members = [(self.visit(type), name) for type, name in struct.members]
        return Struct(struct.name, members)

    def visitArray(self, array):
        type = self.visit(array.type)
        return Array(type, array.length)

    def visitBlob(self, blob):
        type = self.visit(blob.type)
        return Blob(type, blob.size)

    def visitEnum(self, enum):
        return enum

    def visitBitmask(self, bitmask):
        type = self.visit(bitmask.type)
        return Bitmask(type, bitmask.values)

    def visitPointer(self, pointer):
        pointer_type = self.visit(pointer.type)
        if pointer_type is pointer.type:
            return pointer
        else:
            return Pointer(pointer_type)

    def visitIntPointer(self, pointer):
        return pointer

    def visitObjPointer(self, pointer):
        pointer_type = self.visit(pointer.type)
        if pointer_type is pointer.type:
            return pointer
        else:
            return ObjPointer(pointer_type)

    def visitLinearPointer(self, pointer):
        pointer_type = self.visit(pointer.type)
        if pointer_type is pointer.type:
            return pointer
        else:
            return LinearPointer(pointer_type)

    def visitReference(self, reference):
        reference_type = self.visit(reference.type)
        if reference_type is reference.type:
            return reference
        else:
            return Reference(reference_type)

    def visitHandle(self, handle):
        handle_type = self.visit(handle.type)
        if handle_type is handle.type:
            return handle
        else:
            return Handle(handle.name, handle_type, range=handle.range, key=handle.key)

    def visitAlias(self, alias):
        alias_type = self.visit(alias.type)
        if alias_type is alias.type:
            return alias
        else:
            return Alias(alias.expr, alias_type)

    def visitOpaque(self, opaque):
        return opaque

    def visitInterface(self, interface, *args, **kwargs):
        return interface

    def visitPolymorphic(self, polymorphic):
        switchExpr = polymorphic.switchExpr
        switchTypes = [(expr, self.visit(type)) for expr, type in polymorphic.switchTypes]
        if polymorphic.defaultType is None:
            defaultType = None
        else:
            defaultType = self.visit(polymorphic.defaultType)
        return Polymorphic(switchExpr, switchTypes, defaultType, polymorphic.contextLess)


class MutableRebuilder(Rebuilder):
    '''Type visitor which derives a mutable type.'''

    def visitString(self, string):
        return string

    def visitConst(self, const):
        # Strip out const qualifier
        return const.type

    def visitAlias(self, alias):
        # Tear the alias on type changes
        type = self.visit(alias.type)
        if type is alias.type:
            return alias
        return type

    def visitReference(self, reference):
        # Strip out references
        return reference.type


class Traverser(Visitor):
    '''Visitor which all types.'''

    def visitVoid(self, void, *args, **kwargs):
        pass

    def visitLiteral(self, literal, *args, **kwargs):
        pass

    def visitString(self, string, *args, **kwargs):
        pass

    def visitConst(self, const, *args, **kwargs):
        self.visit(const.type, *args, **kwargs)

    def visitStruct(self, struct, *args, **kwargs):
        for type, name in struct.members:
            self.visit(type, *args, **kwargs)

    def visitArray(self, array, *args, **kwargs):
        self.visit(array.type, *args, **kwargs)

    def visitAttribArray(self, attribs, *args, **kwargs):
        for key, valueType in attribs.valueTypes:
            if valueType is not None:
                self.visit(valueType, *args, **kwargs)

    def visitBlob(self, array, *args, **kwargs):
        pass

    def visitEnum(self, enum, *args, **kwargs):
        pass

    def visitBitmask(self, bitmask, *args, **kwargs):
        self.visit(bitmask.type, *args, **kwargs)

    def visitPointer(self, pointer, *args, **kwargs):
        self.visit(pointer.type, *args, **kwargs)

    def visitIntPointer(self, pointer, *args, **kwargs):
        pass

    def visitObjPointer(self, pointer, *args, **kwargs):
        self.visit(pointer.type, *args, **kwargs)

    def visitLinearPointer(self, pointer, *args, **kwargs):
        self.visit(pointer.type, *args, **kwargs)

    def visitReference(self, reference, *args, **kwargs):
        self.visit(reference.type, *args, **kwargs)

    def visitHandle(self, handle, *args, **kwargs):
        self.visit(handle.type, *args, **kwargs)

    def visitAlias(self, alias, *args, **kwargs):
        self.visit(alias.type, *args, **kwargs)

    def visitOpaque(self, opaque, *args, **kwargs):
        pass

    def visitInterface(self, interface, *args, **kwargs):
        if interface.base is not None:
            self.visit(interface.base, *args, **kwargs)
        for method in interface.iterMethods():
            for arg in method.args:
                self.visit(arg.type, *args, **kwargs)
            self.visit(method.type, *args, **kwargs)

    def visitPolymorphic(self, polymorphic, *args, **kwargs):
        for expr, type in polymorphic.switchTypes:
            self.visit(type, *args, **kwargs)
        if polymorphic.defaultType is not None:
            self.visit(polymorphic.defaultType, *args, **kwargs)


class Collector(Traverser):
    '''Visitor which collects all unique types as it traverses them.'''

    def __init__(self):
        self.__visited = set()
        self.types = []

    def visit(self, type):
        if type in self.__visited:
            return
        self.__visited.add(type)
        Visitor.visit(self, type)
        self.types.append(type)


class ExpanderMixin:
    '''Mixin class that provides a bunch of methods to expand C expressions
    from the specifications.'''

    __structs = None
    __indices = None

    def expand(self, expr):
        # Expand a C expression, replacing certain variables
        if not isinstance(expr, basestring):
            return expr
        variables = {}

        if self.__structs is not None:
            variables['self'] = '(%s)' % self.__structs[0]
        if self.__indices is not None:
            variables['i'] = self.__indices[0]

        expandedExpr = expr.format(**variables)
        if expandedExpr != expr and 0:
            sys.stderr.write("  %r -> %r\n" % (expr, expandedExpr))
        return expandedExpr

    def visitMember(self, member, structInstance, *args, **kwargs):
        memberType, memberName = member
        if memberName is None:
            # Anonymous structure/union member
            memberInstance = structInstance
        else:
            memberInstance = '(%s).%s' % (structInstance, memberName)
        self.__structs = (structInstance, self.__structs)
        try:
            return self.visit(memberType, memberInstance, *args, **kwargs)
        finally:
            _, self.__structs = self.__structs

    def visitElement(self, elementIndex, elementType, *args, **kwargs):
        self.__indices = (elementIndex, self.__indices)
        try:
            return self.visit(elementType, *args, **kwargs)
        finally:
            _, self.__indices = self.__indices


class Module:
    '''A collection of functions.'''

    def __init__(self, name = None):
        self.name = name
        self.headers = []
        self.functions = []
        self.interfaces = []

    def addFunctions(self, functions):
        self.functions.extend(functions)

    def addInterfaces(self, interfaces):
        self.interfaces.extend(interfaces)

    def mergeModule(self, module):
        self.headers.extend(module.headers)
        self.functions.extend(module.functions)
        self.interfaces.extend(module.interfaces)

    def getFunctionByName(self, name):
        for function in self.functions:
            if function.name == name:
                return function
        return None


class API:
    '''API abstraction.

    Essentially, a collection of types, functions, and interfaces.
    '''

    def __init__(self, modules = None):
        self.modules = []
        if modules is not None:
            self.modules.extend(modules)

    def getAllTypes(self):
        collector = Collector()
        for module in self.modules:
            for function in module.functions:
                for arg in function.args:
                    collector.visit(arg.type)
                collector.visit(function.type)
            for interface in module.interfaces:
                collector.visit(interface)
                for method in interface.iterMethods():
                    for arg in method.args:
                        collector.visit(arg.type)
                    collector.visit(method.type)
        return collector.types

    def getAllFunctions(self):
        functions = []
        for module in self.modules:
            functions.extend(module.functions)
        return functions

    def getAllInterfaces(self):
        types = self.getAllTypes()
        interfaces = [type for type in types if isinstance(type, Interface)]
        for module in self.modules:
            for interface in module.interfaces:
                if interface not in interfaces:
                    interfaces.append(interface)
        return interfaces

    def addModule(self, module):
        self.modules.append(module)

    def getFunctionByName(self, name):
        for module in self.modules:
            for function in module.functions:
                if function.name == name:
                    return function
        return None


# C string (i.e., zero terminated)
CString = String(Char)
WString = String(WChar, wide=True)
ConstCString = String(Const(Char))
ConstWString = String(Const(WChar), wide=True)