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##########################################################################
#
# Copyright 2008-2010 VMware, Inc.
# All Rights Reserved.
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
# all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
# THE SOFTWARE.
#
##########################################################################/
"""C basic types"""
import sys
from . import debug
class Type:
"""Base class for all types."""
__tags = set()
def __init__(self, expr, tag = None):
self.expr = expr
# Generate a default tag, used when naming functions that will operate
# on this type, so it should preferrably be something representative of
# the type.
if tag is None:
if expr is not None:
tag = ''.join([c for c in expr if c.isalnum() or c in '_'])
else:
tag = 'anonynoums'
else:
for c in tag:
assert c.isalnum() or c in '_'
# Ensure it is unique.
if tag in Type.__tags:
suffix = 1
while tag + str(suffix) in Type.__tags:
suffix += 1
tag += str(suffix)
assert tag not in Type.__tags
Type.__tags.add(tag)
self.tag = tag
def __str__(self):
"""Return the C/C++ type expression for this type."""
return self.expr
def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
raise NotImplementedError
def mutable(self):
'''Return a mutable version of this type.
Convenience wrapper around MutableRebuilder.'''
visitor = MutableRebuilder()
return visitor.visit(self)
def depends(self, other):
'''Whether this type depends on another.'''
collector = Collector()
collector.visit(self)
return other in collector.types
class _Void(Type):
"""Singleton void type."""
def __init__(self):
Type.__init__(self, "void")
def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
return visitor.visitVoid(self, *args, **kwargs)
Void = _Void()
class Literal(Type):
"""Class to describe literal types.
Types which are not defined in terms of other types, such as integers and
floats."""
def __init__(self, expr, kind):
Type.__init__(self, expr)
self.kind = kind
def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
return visitor.visitLiteral(self, *args, **kwargs)
Bool = Literal("bool", "Bool")
SChar = Literal("signed char", "SInt")
UChar = Literal("unsigned char", "UInt")
Short = Literal("short", "SInt")
Int = Literal("int", "SInt")
Long = Literal("long", "SInt")
LongLong = Literal("long long", "SInt")
UShort = Literal("unsigned short", "UInt")
UInt = Literal("unsigned int", "UInt")
ULong = Literal("unsigned long", "UInt")
ULongLong = Literal("unsigned long long", "UInt")
Float = Literal("float", "Float")
Double = Literal("double", "Double")
SizeT = Literal("size_t", "UInt")
Char = Literal("char", "SInt")
WChar = Literal("wchar_t", "SInt")
Int8 = Literal("int8_t", "SInt")
UInt8 = Literal("uint8_t", "UInt")
Int16 = Literal("int16_t", "SInt")
UInt16 = Literal("uint16_t", "UInt")
Int32 = Literal("int32_t", "SInt")
UInt32 = Literal("uint32_t", "UInt")
Int64 = Literal("int64_t", "SInt")
UInt64 = Literal("uint64_t", "UInt")
IntPtr = Literal("intptr_t", "SInt")
UIntPtr = Literal("uintptr_t", "UInt")
class Const(Type):
def __init__(self, type):
# While "const foo" and "foo const" are synonymous, "const foo *" and
# "foo * const" are not quite the same, and some compilers do enforce
# strict const correctness.
if type.expr.startswith("const ") or '*' in type.expr:
expr = type.expr + " const"
else:
# The most legible
expr = "const " + type.expr
Type.__init__(self, expr, 'C' + type.tag)
self.type = type
def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
return visitor.visitConst(self, *args, **kwargs)
class Pointer(Type):
def __init__(self, type):
Type.__init__(self, type.expr + " *", 'P' + type.tag)
self.type = type
def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
return visitor.visitPointer(self, *args, **kwargs)
class IntPointer(Type):
'''Integer encoded as a pointer.'''
def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
return visitor.visitIntPointer(self, *args, **kwargs)
class ObjPointer(Type):
'''Pointer to an object.'''
def __init__(self, type):
Type.__init__(self, type.expr + " *", 'P' + type.tag)
self.type = type
def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
return visitor.visitObjPointer(self, *args, **kwargs)
class LinearPointer(Type):
'''Pointer to a linear range of memory.'''
def __init__(self, type, size = None):
Type.__init__(self, type.expr + " *", 'P' + type.tag)
self.type = type
self.size = size
def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
return visitor.visitLinearPointer(self, *args, **kwargs)
class Reference(Type):
'''C++ references.'''
def __init__(self, type):
Type.__init__(self, type.expr + " &", 'R' + type.tag)
self.type = type
def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
return visitor.visitReference(self, *args, **kwargs)
class Handle(Type):
def __init__(self, name, type, range=None, key=None):
Type.__init__(self, type.expr, 'P' + type.tag)
self.name = name
self.type = type
self.range = range
self.key = key
def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
return visitor.visitHandle(self, *args, **kwargs)
def ConstPointer(type):
return Pointer(Const(type))
class Enum(Type):
__id = 0
def __init__(self, name, values):
Type.__init__(self, name)
self.id = Enum.__id
Enum.__id += 1
self.values = list(values)
def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
return visitor.visitEnum(self, *args, **kwargs)
def FakeEnum(type, values):
return Enum(type.expr, values)
class Bitmask(Type):
__id = 0
def __init__(self, type, values):
Type.__init__(self, type.expr)
self.id = Bitmask.__id
Bitmask.__id += 1
self.type = type
self.values = values
def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
return visitor.visitBitmask(self, *args, **kwargs)
Flags = Bitmask
def EnumFlags(name, values):
return Flags(Alias(name, UInt), values)
class Array(Type):
def __init__(self, type_, length):
Type.__init__(self, type_.expr + " *")
self.type = type_
self.length = length
if not isinstance(length, int):
assert isinstance(length, str)
# Check if length is actually a valid constant expression
try:
eval(length, {}, {})
except:
pass
else:
raise ValueError("length %r should be an integer" % length)
def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
return visitor.visitArray(self, *args, **kwargs)
class AttribArray(Type):
def __init__(self, baseType, valueTypes, terminator = '0'):
self.baseType = baseType
Type.__init__(self, (Pointer(self.baseType)).expr)
self.valueTypes = valueTypes
self.terminator = terminator
self.hasKeysWithoutValues = False
for key, value in valueTypes:
if value is None:
self.hasKeysWithoutValues = True
def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
return visitor.visitAttribArray(self, *args, **kwargs)
class Blob(Type):
def __init__(self, type, size):
Type.__init__(self, type.expr + ' *')
self.type = type
self.size = size
def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
return visitor.visitBlob(self, *args, **kwargs)
class Struct(Type):
__id = 0
def __init__(self, name, members):
Type.__init__(self, name)
self.id = Struct.__id
Struct.__id += 1
self.name = name
self.members = members
def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
return visitor.visitStruct(self, *args, **kwargs)
def getMemberByName(self, name):
memberNames = [memberName for memberType, memberName in self.members]
return memberNames.index(name)
def Union(kindExpr, kindTypes, contextLess=True):
switchTypes = []
for kindCase, kindType, kindMemberName in kindTypes:
switchType = Struct(None, [(kindType, kindMemberName)])
switchTypes.append((kindCase, switchType))
return Polymorphic(kindExpr, switchTypes, contextLess=contextLess)
class Alias(Type):
def __init__(self, expr, type):
Type.__init__(self, expr)
self.type = type
def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
return visitor.visitAlias(self, *args, **kwargs)
class Arg:
def __init__(self, type, name, input=True, output=False):
self.type = type
self.name = name
self.input = input
self.output = output
self.index = None
def __str__(self):
return '%s %s' % (self.type, self.name)
def In(type, name):
return Arg(type, name, input=True, output=False)
def Out(type, name):
return Arg(type, name, input=False, output=True)
def InOut(type, name):
return Arg(type, name, input=True, output=True)
class Function:
def __init__(self, type, name, args, call = '', fail = None, sideeffects=True, internal=False, overloaded=False):
self.type = type
self.name = name
self.args = []
index = 0
for arg in args:
if not isinstance(arg, Arg):
if isinstance(arg, tuple):
arg_type, arg_name = arg
else:
arg_type = arg
arg_name = "arg%u" % index
arg = Arg(arg_type, arg_name)
arg.index = index
index += 1
self.args.append(arg)
self.call = call
self.fail = fail
self.sideeffects = sideeffects
self.internal = internal
self.overloaded = overloaded
def prototype(self, name=None):
if name is not None:
name = name.strip()
else:
name = self.name
s = name
if self.call:
s = self.call + ' ' + s
if name.startswith('*'):
s = '(' + s + ')'
s = self.type.expr + ' ' + s
s += "("
if self.args:
s += ", ".join(["%s %s" % (arg.type, arg.name) for arg in self.args])
else:
s += "void"
s += ")"
return s
def sigName(self):
name = self.name
if self.overloaded:
# suffix used to make overloaded functions/methods unique
suffix = ','.join([str(arg.type) for arg in self.args])
suffix = suffix.replace(' *', '*')
suffix = suffix.replace(' &', '&')
suffix = '(' + suffix + ')'
name += suffix
return name
def argNames(self):
return [arg.name for arg in self.args]
def getArgByName(self, name):
for arg in self.args:
if arg.name == name:
return arg
return None
def getArgByType(self, type):
for arg in self.args:
if arg.type is type:
return arg
return None
def StdFunction(*args, **kwargs):
kwargs.setdefault('call', '__stdcall')
return Function(*args, **kwargs)
def FunctionPointer(type, name, args, **kwargs):
# XXX: We should probably treat function pointers (callbacks or not) in a generic fashion
return Opaque(name)
class Interface(Type):
def __init__(self, name, base=None):
Type.__init__(self, name)
self.name = name
self.base = base
self.methods = []
def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
return visitor.visitInterface(self, *args, **kwargs)
def getMethodByName(self, name):
for method in self.iterMethods():
if method.name == name:
return method
return None
def iterMethods(self):
if self.base is not None:
for method in self.base.iterMethods():
yield method
for method in self.methods:
yield method
def iterBases(self):
iface = self
while iface is not None:
yield iface
iface = iface.base
def hasBase(self, *bases):
for iface in self.iterBases():
if iface in bases:
return True
return False
def iterBaseMethods(self):
if self.base is not None:
for iface, method in self.base.iterBaseMethods():
yield iface, method
for method in self.methods:
yield self, method
class Method(Function):
def __init__(self, type, name, args, call = '', const=False, sideeffects=True, overloaded=False):
assert call == '__stdcall'
Function.__init__(self, type, name, args, call = call, sideeffects=sideeffects, overloaded=overloaded)
for index in range(len(self.args)):
self.args[index].index = index + 1
self.const = const
def prototype(self, name=None):
s = Function.prototype(self, name)
if self.const:
s += ' const'
return s
def StdMethod(*args, **kwargs):
kwargs.setdefault('call', '__stdcall')
return Method(*args, **kwargs)
class String(Type):
'''Human-legible character string.'''
def __init__(self, type = Char, length = None, wide = False):
assert isinstance(type, Type)
Type.__init__(self, type.expr + ' *')
self.type = type
self.length = length
self.wide = wide
def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
return visitor.visitString(self, *args, **kwargs)
class Opaque(Type):
'''Opaque pointer.'''
def __init__(self, expr):
Type.__init__(self, expr)
def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
return visitor.visitOpaque(self, *args, **kwargs)
def OpaquePointer(type, *args):
return Opaque(type.expr + ' *')
def OpaqueArray(type, size):
return Opaque(type.expr + ' *')
def OpaqueBlob(type, size):
return Opaque(type.expr + ' *')
class Polymorphic(Type):
def __init__(self, switchExpr, switchTypes, defaultType=None, contextLess=True):
if defaultType is None:
Type.__init__(self, None)
contextLess = False
else:
Type.__init__(self, defaultType.expr)
self.switchExpr = switchExpr
self.switchTypes = switchTypes
self.defaultType = defaultType
self.contextLess = contextLess
def visit(self, visitor, *args, **kwargs):
return visitor.visitPolymorphic(self, *args, **kwargs)
def iterSwitch(self):
cases = []
types = []
if self.defaultType is not None:
cases.append(['default'])
types.append(self.defaultType)
for expr, type in self.switchTypes:
case = 'case %s' % expr
try:
i = types.index(type)
except ValueError:
cases.append([case])
types.append(type)
else:
cases[i].append(case)
return list(zip(cases, types))
def EnumPolymorphic(enumName, switchExpr, switchTypes, defaultType, contextLess=True):
enumValues = [expr for expr, type in switchTypes]
enum = Enum(enumName, enumValues)
polymorphic = Polymorphic(switchExpr, switchTypes, defaultType, contextLess)
return enum, polymorphic
class Visitor:
'''Abstract visitor for the type hierarchy.'''
def visit(self, type, *args, **kwargs):
return type.visit(self, *args, **kwargs)
def visitVoid(self, void, *args, **kwargs):
raise NotImplementedError
def visitLiteral(self, literal, *args, **kwargs):
raise NotImplementedError
def visitString(self, string, *args, **kwargs):
raise NotImplementedError
def visitConst(self, const, *args, **kwargs):
raise NotImplementedError
def visitStruct(self, struct, *args, **kwargs):
raise NotImplementedError
def visitArray(self, array, *args, **kwargs):
raise NotImplementedError
def visitAttribArray(self, array, *args, **kwargs):
raise NotImplementedError
def visitBlob(self, blob, *args, **kwargs):
raise NotImplementedError
def visitEnum(self, enum, *args, **kwargs):
raise NotImplementedError
def visitBitmask(self, bitmask, *args, **kwargs):
raise NotImplementedError
def visitPointer(self, pointer, *args, **kwargs):
raise NotImplementedError
def visitIntPointer(self, pointer, *args, **kwargs):
raise NotImplementedError
def visitObjPointer(self, pointer, *args, **kwargs):
raise NotImplementedError
def visitLinearPointer(self, pointer, *args, **kwargs):
raise NotImplementedError
def visitReference(self, reference, *args, **kwargs):
raise NotImplementedError
def visitHandle(self, handle, *args, **kwargs):
raise NotImplementedError
def visitAlias(self, alias, *args, **kwargs):
raise NotImplementedError
def visitOpaque(self, opaque, *args, **kwargs):
raise NotImplementedError
def visitInterface(self, interface, *args, **kwargs):
raise NotImplementedError
def visitPolymorphic(self, polymorphic, *args, **kwargs):
raise NotImplementedError
#return self.visit(polymorphic.defaultType, *args, **kwargs)
class OnceVisitor(Visitor):
'''Visitor that guarantees that each type is visited only once.'''
def __init__(self):
self.__visited = set()
def visit(self, type, *args, **kwargs):
if type not in self.__visited:
self.__visited.add(type)
return type.visit(self, *args, **kwargs)
return None
class Rebuilder(Visitor):
'''Visitor which rebuild types as it visits them.
By itself it is a no-op -- it is intended to be overwritten.
'''
def visitVoid(self, void):
return void
def visitLiteral(self, literal):
return literal
def visitString(self, string):
string_type = self.visit(string.type)
if string_type is string.type:
return string
else:
return String(string_type, string.length, string.wide)
def visitConst(self, const):
const_type = self.visit(const.type)
if const_type is const.type:
return const
else:
return Const(const_type)
def visitStruct(self, struct):
members = [(self.visit(type), name) for type, name in struct.members]
return Struct(struct.name, members)
def visitArray(self, array):
type = self.visit(array.type)
return Array(type, array.length)
def visitBlob(self, blob):
type = self.visit(blob.type)
return Blob(type, blob.size)
def visitEnum(self, enum):
return enum
def visitBitmask(self, bitmask):
type = self.visit(bitmask.type)
return Bitmask(type, bitmask.values)
def visitPointer(self, pointer):
pointer_type = self.visit(pointer.type)
if pointer_type is pointer.type:
return pointer
else:
return Pointer(pointer_type)
def visitIntPointer(self, pointer):
return pointer
def visitObjPointer(self, pointer):
pointer_type = self.visit(pointer.type)
if pointer_type is pointer.type:
return pointer
else:
return ObjPointer(pointer_type)
def visitLinearPointer(self, pointer):
pointer_type = self.visit(pointer.type)
if pointer_type is pointer.type:
return pointer
else:
return LinearPointer(pointer_type, self.size)
def visitReference(self, reference):
reference_type = self.visit(reference.type)
if reference_type is reference.type:
return reference
else:
return Reference(reference_type)
def visitHandle(self, handle):
handle_type = self.visit(handle.type)
if handle_type is handle.type:
return handle
else:
return Handle(handle.name, handle_type, range=handle.range, key=handle.key)
def visitAlias(self, alias):
alias_type = self.visit(alias.type)
if alias_type is alias.type:
return alias
else:
return Alias(alias.expr, alias_type)
def visitOpaque(self, opaque):
return opaque
def visitInterface(self, interface, *args, **kwargs):
return interface
def visitPolymorphic(self, polymorphic):
switchExpr = polymorphic.switchExpr
switchTypes = [(expr, self.visit(type)) for expr, type in polymorphic.switchTypes]
if polymorphic.defaultType is None:
defaultType = None
else:
defaultType = self.visit(polymorphic.defaultType)
return Polymorphic(switchExpr, switchTypes, defaultType, polymorphic.contextLess)
class MutableRebuilder(Rebuilder):
'''Type visitor which derives a mutable type.'''
def visitString(self, string):
return string
def visitConst(self, const):
# Strip out const qualifier
return const.type
def visitAlias(self, alias):
# Tear the alias on type changes
type = self.visit(alias.type)
if type is alias.type:
return alias
return type
def visitReference(self, reference):
# Strip out references
return self.visit(reference.type)
class Traverser(Visitor):
'''Visitor which all types.'''
def visitVoid(self, void, *args, **kwargs):
pass
def visitLiteral(self, literal, *args, **kwargs):
pass
def visitString(self, string, *args, **kwargs):
pass
def visitConst(self, const, *args, **kwargs):
self.visit(const.type, *args, **kwargs)
def visitStruct(self, struct, *args, **kwargs):
for type, name in struct.members:
self.visit(type, *args, **kwargs)
def visitArray(self, array, *args, **kwargs):
self.visit(array.type, *args, **kwargs)
def visitAttribArray(self, attribs, *args, **kwargs):
for key, valueType in attribs.valueTypes:
if valueType is not None:
self.visit(valueType, *args, **kwargs)
def visitBlob(self, array, *args, **kwargs):
pass
def visitEnum(self, enum, *args, **kwargs):
pass
def visitBitmask(self, bitmask, *args, **kwargs):
self.visit(bitmask.type, *args, **kwargs)
def visitPointer(self, pointer, *args, **kwargs):
self.visit(pointer.type, *args, **kwargs)
def visitIntPointer(self, pointer, *args, **kwargs):
pass
def visitObjPointer(self, pointer, *args, **kwargs):
self.visit(pointer.type, *args, **kwargs)
def visitLinearPointer(self, pointer, *args, **kwargs):
self.visit(pointer.type, *args, **kwargs)
def visitReference(self, reference, *args, **kwargs):
self.visit(reference.type, *args, **kwargs)
def visitHandle(self, handle, *args, **kwargs):
self.visit(handle.type, *args, **kwargs)
def visitAlias(self, alias, *args, **kwargs):
self.visit(alias.type, *args, **kwargs)
def visitOpaque(self, opaque, *args, **kwargs):
pass
def visitInterface(self, interface, *args, **kwargs):
if interface.base is not None:
self.visit(interface.base, *args, **kwargs)
for method in interface.iterMethods():
for arg in method.args:
self.visit(arg.type, *args, **kwargs)
self.visit(method.type, *args, **kwargs)
def visitPolymorphic(self, polymorphic, *args, **kwargs):
for expr, type in polymorphic.switchTypes:
self.visit(type, *args, **kwargs)
if polymorphic.defaultType is not None:
self.visit(polymorphic.defaultType, *args, **kwargs)
class Collector(Traverser):
'''Visitor which collects all unique types as it traverses them.'''
def __init__(self):
self.__visited = set()
self.types = []
def visit(self, type):
if type in self.__visited:
return
self.__visited.add(type)
Visitor.visit(self, type)
self.types.append(type)
class ExpanderMixin:
'''Mixin class that provides a bunch of methods to expand C expressions
from the specifications.'''
__structs = None
__indices = None
def expand(self, expr):
# Expand a C expression, replacing certain variables
if not isinstance(expr, str):
return expr
variables = {}
if self.__structs is not None:
variables['self'] = '(%s)' % self.__structs[0]
if self.__indices is not None:
variables['i'] = self.__indices[0]
expandedExpr = expr.format(**variables)
if expandedExpr != expr and 0:
sys.stderr.write(" %r -> %r\n" % (expr, expandedExpr))
return expandedExpr
def visitMember(self, member, structInstance, *args, **kwargs):
memberType, memberName = member
if memberName is None:
# Anonymous structure/union member
memberInstance = structInstance
else:
memberInstance = '(%s).%s' % (structInstance, memberName)
self.__structs = (structInstance, self.__structs)
try:
return self.visit(memberType, memberInstance, *args, **kwargs)
finally:
_, self.__structs = self.__structs
def visitElement(self, elementIndex, elementType, *args, **kwargs):
self.__indices = (elementIndex, self.__indices)
try:
return self.visit(elementType, *args, **kwargs)
finally:
_, self.__indices = self.__indices
class Module:
'''A collection of functions.'''
def __init__(self, name = None):
self.name = name
self.headers = []
self.functions = []
self.interfaces = []
def addFunctions(self, functions):
self.functions.extend(functions)
def addInterfaces(self, interfaces):
self.interfaces.extend(interfaces)
def mergeModule(self, module):
self.headers.extend(module.headers)
self.functions.extend(module.functions)
self.interfaces.extend(module.interfaces)
def getFunctionByName(self, name):
for function in self.functions:
if function.name == name:
return function
return None
class API:
'''API abstraction.
Essentially, a collection of types, functions, and interfaces.
'''
def __init__(self, modules = None):
self.modules = []
if modules is not None:
self.modules.extend(modules)
def getAllTypes(self):
collector = Collector()
for module in self.modules:
for function in module.functions:
for arg in function.args:
collector.visit(arg.type)
collector.visit(function.type)
for interface in module.interfaces:
collector.visit(interface)
for method in interface.iterMethods():
for arg in method.args:
collector.visit(arg.type)
collector.visit(method.type)
return collector.types
def getAllFunctions(self):
functions = []
for module in self.modules:
functions.extend(module.functions)
return functions
def getAllInterfaces(self):
types = self.getAllTypes()
interfaces = [type for type in types if isinstance(type, Interface)]
for module in self.modules:
for interface in module.interfaces:
if interface not in interfaces:
interfaces.append(interface)
return interfaces
def addModule(self, module):
self.modules.append(module)
def getFunctionByName(self, name):
for module in self.modules:
for function in module.functions:
if function.name == name:
return function
return None
# C string (i.e., zero terminated)
CString = String(Char)
WString = String(WChar, wide=True)
ConstCString = String(Const(Char))
ConstWString = String(Const(WChar), wide=True)