Define EIGEN_CPLUSPLUS and replace most __cplusplus checks.

The macro `__cplusplus` is not defined correctly in MSVC unless building
with the the `/Zc:__cplusplus` flag. Instead, it defines `_MSVC_LANG` to the
specified c++ standard version number.

Here we introduce `EIGEN_CPLUSPLUS` which will contain the c++ version
number both for MSVC and otherwise.  This simplifies checks for supported
features.

Also replaced most instances of standard version checking via `__cplusplus`
with the existing `EIGEN_COMP_CXXVER` macro for better clarity.

Fixes: #2170
diff --git a/test/sparse_basic.cpp b/test/sparse_basic.cpp
index 17897fd..f7ad930 100644
--- a/test/sparse_basic.cpp
+++ b/test/sparse_basic.cpp
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@
 
     m.setFromTriplets(triplets.begin(), triplets.end(), std::multiplies<Scalar>());
     VERIFY_IS_APPROX(m, refMat_prod);
-#if (defined(__cplusplus) && __cplusplus >= 201103L)
+#if (EIGEN_COMP_CXXVER >= 11)
     m.setFromTriplets(triplets.begin(), triplets.end(), [] (Scalar,Scalar b) { return b; });
     VERIFY_IS_APPROX(m, refMat_last);
 #endif