diff --git a/src/string.cpp b/src/string.cpp
index c71af4f..c6fe408 100644
--- a/src/string.cpp
+++ b/src/string.cpp
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@
 #include "cstdlib"
 #include "cwchar"
 #include "cerrno"
+#include "limits"
+#include "stdexcept"
 #ifdef _WIN32
 #include "support/win32/support.h"
 #endif // _WIN32
@@ -26,662 +28,499 @@
     string
     operator+<char, char_traits<char>, allocator<char> >(char const*, string const&);
 
+namespace
+{
+
+template<typename T>
+inline
+void throw_helper( const string& msg )
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    throw T( msg );
+#else
+    abort();
+#endif
+}
+
+inline
+void throw_from_string_out_of_range( const string& func )
+{
+    throw_helper<out_of_range>(func + ": out of range");
+}
+
+inline
+void throw_from_string_invalid_arg( const string& func )
+{
+    throw_helper<invalid_argument>(func + ": no conversion");
+}
+
+// as_integer
+
+template<typename V, typename S, typename F>
+inline
+V
+as_integer_helper(const string& func, const S& str, size_t* idx, int base, F f)
+{
+    typename S::value_type* ptr;
+    const typename S::value_type* const p = str.c_str();
+    typename remove_reference<decltype(errno)>::type errno_save = errno;
+    errno = 0;
+    V r = f(p, &ptr, base);
+    swap(errno, errno_save);
+    if (errno_save == ERANGE)
+        throw_from_string_out_of_range(func);
+    if (ptr == p)
+        throw_from_string_invalid_arg(func);
+    if (idx)
+        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
+    return r;
+}
+
+template<typename V, typename S>
+inline
+V
+as_integer(const string& func, const S& s, size_t* idx, int base);
+
+// string
+template<>
+inline
+int
+as_integer(const string& func, const string& s, size_t* idx, int base )
+{
+    // Use long as no Stantard string to integer exists.
+    long r = as_integer_helper<long>( func, s, idx, base, strtol );
+    if (r < numeric_limits<int>::min() || numeric_limits<int>::max() < r)
+        throw_from_string_out_of_range(func);
+    return static_cast<int>(r);
+}
+
+template<>
+inline
+long
+as_integer(const string& func, const string& s, size_t* idx, int base )
+{
+    return as_integer_helper<long>( func, s, idx, base, strtol );
+}
+
+template<>
+inline
+unsigned long
+as_integer( const string& func, const string& s, size_t* idx, int base )
+{
+    return as_integer_helper<unsigned long>( func, s, idx, base, strtoul );
+}
+
+template<>
+inline
+long long
+as_integer( const string& func, const string& s, size_t* idx, int base )
+{
+    return as_integer_helper<long long>( func, s, idx, base, strtoll );
+}
+
+template<>
+inline
+unsigned long long
+as_integer( const string& func, const string& s, size_t* idx, int base )
+{
+    return as_integer_helper<unsigned long long>( func, s, idx, base, strtoull );
+}
+
+// wstring
+template<>
+inline
+int
+as_integer( const string& func, const wstring& s, size_t* idx, int base )
+{
+    // Use long as no Stantard string to integer exists.
+    long r = as_integer_helper<long>( func, s, idx, base, wcstol );
+    if (r < numeric_limits<int>::min() || numeric_limits<int>::max() < r)
+        throw_from_string_out_of_range(func);
+    return static_cast<int>(r);
+}
+
+template<>
+inline
+long
+as_integer( const string& func, const wstring& s, size_t* idx, int base )
+{
+    return as_integer_helper<long>( func, s, idx, base, wcstol );
+}
+
+template<>
+inline
+unsigned long
+as_integer( const string& func, const wstring& s, size_t* idx, int base )
+{
+    return as_integer_helper<unsigned long>( func, s, idx, base, wcstoul );
+}
+
+template<>
+inline
+long long
+as_integer( const string& func, const wstring& s, size_t* idx, int base )
+{
+    return as_integer_helper<long long>( func, s, idx, base, wcstoll );
+}
+
+template<>
+inline
+unsigned long long
+as_integer( const string& func, const wstring& s, size_t* idx, int base )
+{
+    return as_integer_helper<unsigned long long>( func, s, idx, base, wcstoull );
+}
+
+// as_float
+
+template<typename V, typename S, typename F> 
+inline
+V
+as_float_helper(const string& func, const S& str, size_t* idx, F f )
+{
+    typename S::value_type* ptr;
+    const typename S::value_type* const p = str.c_str();
+    typename remove_reference<decltype(errno)>::type errno_save = errno;
+    errno = 0;
+    V r = f(p, &ptr);
+    swap(errno, errno_save);
+    if (errno_save == ERANGE)
+        throw_from_string_out_of_range(func);
+    if (ptr == p)
+        throw_from_string_invalid_arg(func);
+    if (idx)
+        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
+    return r;
+}
+
+template<typename V, typename S>
+inline
+V as_float( const string& func, const S& s, size_t* idx = nullptr );
+
+template<>
+inline
+float
+as_float( const string& func, const string& s, size_t* idx )
+{
+    return as_float_helper<float>( func, s, idx, strtof );
+}
+
+template<>
+inline
+double
+as_float(const string& func, const string& s, size_t* idx )
+{
+    return as_float_helper<double>( func, s, idx, strtod );
+}
+
+template<>
+inline
+long double
+as_float( const string& func, const string& s, size_t* idx )
+{
+    return as_float_helper<long double>( func, s, idx, strtold );
+}
+
+template<>
+inline
+float
+as_float( const string& func, const wstring& s, size_t* idx )
+{
+    return as_float_helper<float>( func, s, idx, wcstof );
+}
+
+template<>
+inline
+double
+as_float( const string& func, const wstring& s, size_t* idx )
+{
+    return as_float_helper<double>( func, s, idx, wcstod );
+}
+
+template<>
+inline
+long double
+as_float( const string& func, const wstring& s, size_t* idx )
+{
+    return as_float_helper<long double>( func, s, idx, wcstold );
+}
+
+}  // unnamed namespace
+
 int
 stoi(const string& str, size_t* idx, int base)
 {
-    char* ptr;
-    const char* const p = str.c_str();
-    typename remove_reference<decltype(errno)>::type errno_save = errno;
-    errno = 0;
-    long r = strtol(p, &ptr, base);
-    swap(errno, errno_save);
-#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (errno_save == ERANGE || r < numeric_limits<int>::min() ||
-                                numeric_limits<int>::max() < r)
-        throw out_of_range("stoi: out of range");
-    if (ptr == p)
-        throw invalid_argument("stoi: no conversion");
-#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (idx)
-        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
-    return static_cast<int>(r);
+    return as_integer<int>( "stoi", str, idx, base );
 }
 
 int
 stoi(const wstring& str, size_t* idx, int base)
 {
-    wchar_t* ptr;
-    const wchar_t* const p = str.c_str();
-    typename remove_reference<decltype(errno)>::type errno_save = errno;
-    errno = 0;
-    long r = wcstol(p, &ptr, base);
-    swap(errno, errno_save);
-#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (errno_save == ERANGE || r < numeric_limits<int>::min() ||
-                                numeric_limits<int>::max() < r)
-        throw out_of_range("stoi: out of range");
-    if (ptr == p)
-        throw invalid_argument("stoi: no conversion");
-#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (idx)
-        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
-    return static_cast<int>(r);
+    return as_integer<int>( "stoi", str, idx, base );
 }
 
 long
 stol(const string& str, size_t* idx, int base)
 {
-    char* ptr;
-    const char* const p = str.c_str();
-    typename remove_reference<decltype(errno)>::type errno_save = errno;
-    errno = 0;
-    long r = strtol(p, &ptr, base);
-    swap(errno, errno_save);
-#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (errno_save == ERANGE)
-        throw out_of_range("stol: out of range");
-    if (ptr == p)
-        throw invalid_argument("stol: no conversion");
-#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (idx)
-        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
-    return r;
+    return as_integer<long>( "stol", str, idx, base );
 }
 
 long
 stol(const wstring& str, size_t* idx, int base)
 {
-    wchar_t* ptr;
-    const wchar_t* const p = str.c_str();
-    typename remove_reference<decltype(errno)>::type errno_save = errno;
-    errno = 0;
-    long r = wcstol(p, &ptr, base);
-    swap(errno, errno_save);
-#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (errno_save == ERANGE)
-        throw out_of_range("stol: out of range");
-    if (ptr == p)
-        throw invalid_argument("stol: no conversion");
-#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (idx)
-        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
-    return r;
+    return as_integer<long>( "stol", str, idx, base );
 }
 
 unsigned long
 stoul(const string& str, size_t* idx, int base)
 {
-    char* ptr;
-    const char* const p = str.c_str();
-    typename remove_reference<decltype(errno)>::type errno_save = errno;
-    errno = 0;
-    unsigned long r = strtoul(p, &ptr, base);
-    swap(errno, errno_save);
-#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (errno_save == ERANGE)
-        throw out_of_range("stoul: out of range");
-    if (ptr == p)
-        throw invalid_argument("stoul: no conversion");
-#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (idx)
-        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
-    return r;
+    return as_integer<unsigned long>( "stoul", str, idx, base );
 }
 
 unsigned long
 stoul(const wstring& str, size_t* idx, int base)
 {
-    wchar_t* ptr;
-    const wchar_t* const p = str.c_str();
-    typename remove_reference<decltype(errno)>::type errno_save = errno;
-    errno = 0;
-    unsigned long r = wcstoul(p, &ptr, base);
-    swap(errno, errno_save);
-#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (errno_save == ERANGE)
-        throw out_of_range("stoul: out of range");
-    if (ptr == p)
-        throw invalid_argument("stoul: no conversion");
-#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (idx)
-        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
-    return r;
+    return as_integer<unsigned long>( "stoul", str, idx, base );
 }
 
 long long
 stoll(const string& str, size_t* idx, int base)
 {
-    char* ptr;
-    const char* const p = str.c_str();
-    typename remove_reference<decltype(errno)>::type errno_save = errno;
-    errno = 0;
-    long long r = strtoll(p, &ptr, base);
-    swap(errno, errno_save);
-#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (errno_save == ERANGE)
-        throw out_of_range("stoll: out of range");
-    if (ptr == p)
-        throw invalid_argument("stoll: no conversion");
-#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (idx)
-        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
-    return r;
+    return as_integer<long long>( "stoll", str, idx, base );
 }
 
 long long
 stoll(const wstring& str, size_t* idx, int base)
 {
-    wchar_t* ptr;
-    const wchar_t* const p = str.c_str();
-    typename remove_reference<decltype(errno)>::type errno_save = errno;
-    errno = 0;
-    long long r = wcstoll(p, &ptr, base);
-    swap(errno, errno_save);
-#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (errno_save == ERANGE)
-        throw out_of_range("stoll: out of range");
-    if (ptr == p)
-        throw invalid_argument("stoll: no conversion");
-#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (idx)
-        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
-    return r;
+    return as_integer<long long>( "stoll", str, idx, base );
 }
 
 unsigned long long
 stoull(const string& str, size_t* idx, int base)
 {
-    char* ptr;
-    const char* const p = str.c_str();
-    typename remove_reference<decltype(errno)>::type errno_save = errno;
-    errno = 0;
-    unsigned long long r = strtoull(p, &ptr, base);
-    swap(errno, errno_save);
-#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (errno_save == ERANGE)
-        throw out_of_range("stoull: out of range");
-    if (ptr == p)
-        throw invalid_argument("stoull: no conversion");
-#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (idx)
-        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
-    return r;
+    return as_integer<unsigned long long>( "stoull", str, idx, base );
 }
 
 unsigned long long
 stoull(const wstring& str, size_t* idx, int base)
 {
-    wchar_t* ptr;
-    const wchar_t* const p = str.c_str();
-    typename remove_reference<decltype(errno)>::type errno_save = errno;
-    errno = 0;
-    unsigned long long r = wcstoull(p, &ptr, base);
-    swap(errno, errno_save);
-#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (errno_save == ERANGE)
-        throw out_of_range("stoull: out of range");
-    if (ptr == p)
-        throw invalid_argument("stoull: no conversion");
-#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (idx)
-        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
-    return r;
+    return as_integer<unsigned long long>( "stoull", str, idx, base );
 }
 
 float
 stof(const string& str, size_t* idx)
 {
-    char* ptr;
-    const char* const p = str.c_str();
-    typename remove_reference<decltype(errno)>::type errno_save = errno;
-    errno = 0;
-    float r = strtof(p, &ptr);
-    swap(errno, errno_save);
-#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (errno_save == ERANGE)
-        throw out_of_range("stof: out of range");
-    if (ptr == p)
-        throw invalid_argument("stof: no conversion");
-#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (idx)
-        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
-    return r;
+    return as_float<float>( "stof", str, idx );
 }
 
 float
 stof(const wstring& str, size_t* idx)
 {
-    wchar_t* ptr;
-    const wchar_t* const p = str.c_str();
-    typename remove_reference<decltype(errno)>::type errno_save = errno;
-    errno = 0;
-    float r = wcstof(p, &ptr);
-    swap(errno, errno_save);
-#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (errno_save == ERANGE)
-        throw out_of_range("stof: out of range");
-    if (ptr == p)
-        throw invalid_argument("stof: no conversion");
-#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (idx)
-        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
-    return r;
+    return as_float<float>( "stof", str, idx );
 }
 
 double
 stod(const string& str, size_t* idx)
 {
-    char* ptr;
-    const char* const p = str.c_str();
-    typename remove_reference<decltype(errno)>::type errno_save = errno;
-    errno = 0;
-    double r = strtod(p, &ptr);
-    swap(errno, errno_save);
-#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (errno_save == ERANGE)
-        throw out_of_range("stod: out of range");
-    if (ptr == p)
-        throw invalid_argument("stod: no conversion");
-#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (idx)
-        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
-    return r;
+    return as_float<double>( "stod", str, idx );
 }
 
 double
 stod(const wstring& str, size_t* idx)
 {
-    wchar_t* ptr;
-    const wchar_t* const p = str.c_str();
-    typename remove_reference<decltype(errno)>::type errno_save = errno;
-    errno = 0;
-    double r = wcstod(p, &ptr);
-    swap(errno, errno_save);
-#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (errno_save == ERANGE)
-        throw out_of_range("stod: out of range");
-    if (ptr == p)
-        throw invalid_argument("stod: no conversion");
-#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (idx)
-        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
-    return r;
+    return as_float<double>( "stod", str, idx );
 }
 
 long double
 stold(const string& str, size_t* idx)
 {
-    char* ptr;
-    const char* const p = str.c_str();
-    typename remove_reference<decltype(errno)>::type errno_save = errno;
-    errno = 0;
-    long double r = strtold(p, &ptr);
-    swap(errno, errno_save);
-#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (errno_save == ERANGE)
-        throw out_of_range("stold: out of range");
-    if (ptr == p)
-        throw invalid_argument("stold: no conversion");
-#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (idx)
-        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
-    return r;
+    return as_float<long double>( "stold", str, idx );
 }
 
 long double
 stold(const wstring& str, size_t* idx)
 {
-    wchar_t* ptr;
-    const wchar_t* const p = str.c_str();
-    typename remove_reference<decltype(errno)>::type errno_save = errno;
-    errno = 0;
-    long double r = wcstold(p, &ptr);
-    swap(errno, errno_save);
-#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (errno_save == ERANGE)
-        throw out_of_range("stold: out of range");
-    if (ptr == p)
-        throw invalid_argument("stold: no conversion");
-#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
-    if (idx)
-        *idx = static_cast<size_t>(ptr - p);
-    return r;
+    return as_float<long double>( "stold", str, idx );
 }
 
+// to_string
+
+namespace
+{
+
+// as_string
+
+template<typename S, typename P, typename V >
+inline
+S
+as_string(P sprintf_like, S s, const typename S::value_type* fmt, V a)
+{
+    typedef typename S::size_type size_type;
+    size_type available = s.size();
+    while (true)
+    {
+        int status = sprintf_like(&s[0], available + 1, fmt, a);
+        if ( status >= 0 )
+        {
+            size_type used = static_cast<size_type>(status);
+            if ( used <= available )
+            {
+                s.resize( used );
+                break;
+            }
+            available = used; // Assume this is advice of how much space we need.
+        }
+        else
+            available = available * 2 + 1;
+        s.resize(available);
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+
+template <class S, class V, bool = is_floating_point<V>::value>
+struct initial_string;
+
+template <class V, bool b>
+struct initial_string<string, V, b>
+{
+    string
+    operator()() const
+    {
+        string s;
+        s.resize(s.capacity());
+        return s;
+    }
+};
+
+template <class V>
+struct initial_string<wstring, V, false>
+{
+    wstring
+    operator()() const
+    {
+        const size_t n = (numeric_limits<unsigned long long>::digits / 3)
+          + ((numeric_limits<unsigned long long>::digits % 3) != 0)
+          + 1;
+        wstring s(n, wchar_t());
+        s.resize(s.capacity());
+        return s;
+    }
+};
+
+template <class V>
+struct initial_string<wstring, V, true>
+{
+    wstring
+    operator()() const
+    {
+        wstring s(20, wchar_t());
+        s.resize(s.capacity());
+        return s;
+    }
+};
+
+typedef int (*wide_printf)(wchar_t* __restrict, size_t, const wchar_t*__restrict, ...);
+
+inline
+wide_printf
+get_swprintf()
+{
+#ifndef _WIN32
+    return swprintf;
+#else
+    return static_cast<int (__cdecl*)(wchar_t* __restrict, size_t, const wchar_t*__restrict, ...)>(swprintf);
+#endif
+}
+
+}  // unnamed namespace
+
 string to_string(int val)
 {
-    string s;
-    s.resize(s.capacity());
-    while (true)
-    {
-        size_t n2 = static_cast<size_t>(snprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, "%d", val));
-        if (n2 <= s.size())
-        {
-            s.resize(n2);
-            break;
-        }
-        s.resize(n2);
-    }
-    return s;
+    return as_string(snprintf, initial_string<string, int>()(), "%d", val);
 }
 
 string to_string(unsigned val)
 {
-    string s;
-    s.resize(s.capacity());
-    while (true)
-    {
-        size_t n2 = static_cast<size_t>(snprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, "%u", val));
-        if (n2 <= s.size())
-        {
-            s.resize(n2);
-            break;
-        }
-        s.resize(n2);
-    }
-    return s;
+    return as_string(snprintf, initial_string<string, unsigned>()(), "%u", val);
 }
 
 string to_string(long val)
 {
-    string s;
-    s.resize(s.capacity());
-    while (true)
-    {
-        size_t n2 = static_cast<size_t>(snprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, "%ld", val));
-        if (n2 <= s.size())
-        {
-            s.resize(n2);
-            break;
-        }
-        s.resize(n2);
-    }
-    return s;
+    return as_string(snprintf, initial_string<string, long>()(), "%ld", val);
 }
 
 string to_string(unsigned long val)
 {
-    string s;
-    s.resize(s.capacity());
-    while (true)
-    {
-        size_t n2 = static_cast<size_t>(snprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, "%lu", val));
-        if (n2 <= s.size())
-        {
-            s.resize(n2);
-            break;
-        }
-        s.resize(n2);
-    }
-    return s;
+    return as_string(snprintf, initial_string<string, unsigned long>()(), "%lu", val);
 }
 
 string to_string(long long val)
 {
-    string s;
-    s.resize(s.capacity());
-    while (true)
-    {
-        size_t n2 = static_cast<size_t>(snprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, "%lld", val));
-        if (n2 <= s.size())
-        {
-            s.resize(n2);
-            break;
-        }
-        s.resize(n2);
-    }
-    return s;
+    return as_string(snprintf, initial_string<string, long long>()(), "%lld", val);
 }
 
 string to_string(unsigned long long val)
 {
-    string s;
-    s.resize(s.capacity());
-    while (true)
-    {
-        size_t n2 = static_cast<size_t>(snprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, "%llu", val));
-        if (n2 <= s.size())
-        {
-            s.resize(n2);
-            break;
-        }
-        s.resize(n2);
-    }
-    return s;
+    return as_string(snprintf, initial_string<string, unsigned long long>()(), "%llu", val);
 }
 
 string to_string(float val)
 {
-    string s;
-    s.resize(s.capacity());
-    while (true)
-    {
-        size_t n2 = static_cast<size_t>(snprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, "%f", val));
-        if (n2 <= s.size())
-        {
-            s.resize(n2);
-            break;
-        }
-        s.resize(n2);
-    }
-    return s;
+    return as_string(snprintf, initial_string<string, float>()(), "%f", val);
 }
 
 string to_string(double val)
 {
-    string s;
-    s.resize(s.capacity());
-    while (true)
-    {
-        size_t n2 = static_cast<size_t>(snprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, "%f", val));
-        if (n2 <= s.size())
-        {
-            s.resize(n2);
-            break;
-        }
-        s.resize(n2);
-    }
-    return s;
+    return as_string(snprintf, initial_string<string, double>()(), "%f", val);
 }
 
 string to_string(long double val)
 {
-    string s;
-    s.resize(s.capacity());
-    while (true)
-    {
-        size_t n2 = static_cast<size_t>(snprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, "%Lf", val));
-        if (n2 <= s.size())
-        {
-            s.resize(n2);
-            break;
-        }
-        s.resize(n2);
-    }
-    return s;
+    return as_string(snprintf, initial_string<string, long double>()(), "%Lf", val);
 }
 
 wstring to_wstring(int val)
 {
-    const size_t n = (numeric_limits<int>::digits / 3)
-          + ((numeric_limits<int>::digits % 3) != 0)
-          + 1;
-    wstring s(n, wchar_t());
-    s.resize(s.capacity());
-    while (true)
-    {
-        int n2 = swprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, L"%d", val);
-        if (n2 > 0)
-        {
-            s.resize(static_cast<size_t>(n2));
-            break;
-        }
-        s.resize(2*s.size());
-        s.resize(s.capacity());
-    }
-    return s;
+    return as_string(get_swprintf(), initial_string<wstring, int>()(), L"%d", val);
 }
 
 wstring to_wstring(unsigned val)
 {
-    const size_t n = (numeric_limits<unsigned>::digits / 3)
-          + ((numeric_limits<unsigned>::digits % 3) != 0)
-          + 1;
-    wstring s(n, wchar_t());
-    s.resize(s.capacity());
-    while (true)
-    {
-        int n2 = swprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, L"%u", val);
-        if (n2 > 0)
-        {
-            s.resize(static_cast<size_t>(n2));
-            break;
-        }
-        s.resize(2*s.size());
-        s.resize(s.capacity());
-    }
-    return s;
+    return as_string(get_swprintf(), initial_string<wstring, unsigned>()(), L"%u", val);
 }
 
 wstring to_wstring(long val)
 {
-    const size_t n = (numeric_limits<long>::digits / 3)
-          + ((numeric_limits<long>::digits % 3) != 0)
-          + 1;
-    wstring s(n, wchar_t());
-    s.resize(s.capacity());
-    while (true)
-    {
-        int n2 = swprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, L"%ld", val);
-        if (n2 > 0)
-        {
-            s.resize(static_cast<size_t>(n2));
-            break;
-        }
-        s.resize(2*s.size());
-        s.resize(s.capacity());
-    }
-    return s;
+    return as_string(get_swprintf(), initial_string<wstring, long>()(), L"%ld", val);
 }
 
 wstring to_wstring(unsigned long val)
 {
-    const size_t n = (numeric_limits<unsigned long>::digits / 3)
-          + ((numeric_limits<unsigned long>::digits % 3) != 0)
-          + 1;
-    wstring s(n, wchar_t());
-    s.resize(s.capacity());
-    while (true)
-    {
-        int n2 = swprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, L"%lu", val);
-        if (n2 > 0)
-        {
-            s.resize(static_cast<size_t>(n2));
-            break;
-        }
-        s.resize(2*s.size());
-        s.resize(s.capacity());
-    }
-    return s;
+    return as_string(get_swprintf(), initial_string<wstring, unsigned long>()(), L"%lu", val);
 }
 
 wstring to_wstring(long long val)
 {
-    const size_t n = (numeric_limits<long long>::digits / 3)
-          + ((numeric_limits<long long>::digits % 3) != 0)
-          + 1;
-    wstring s(n, wchar_t());
-    s.resize(s.capacity());
-    while (true)
-    {
-        int n2 = swprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, L"%lld", val);
-        if (n2 > 0)
-        {
-            s.resize(static_cast<size_t>(n2));
-            break;
-        }
-        s.resize(2*s.size());
-        s.resize(s.capacity());
-    }
-    return s;
+    return as_string(get_swprintf(), initial_string<wstring, long long>()(), L"%lld", val);
 }
 
 wstring to_wstring(unsigned long long val)
 {
-    const size_t n = (numeric_limits<unsigned long long>::digits / 3)
-          + ((numeric_limits<unsigned long long>::digits % 3) != 0)
-          + 1;
-    wstring s(n, wchar_t());
-    s.resize(s.capacity());
-    while (true)
-    {
-        int n2 = swprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, L"%llu", val);
-        if (n2 > 0)
-        {
-            s.resize(static_cast<size_t>(n2));
-            break;
-        }
-        s.resize(2*s.size());
-        s.resize(s.capacity());
-    }
-    return s;
+    return as_string(get_swprintf(), initial_string<wstring, unsigned long long>()(), L"%llu", val);
 }
 
 wstring to_wstring(float val)
 {
-    const size_t n = 20;
-    wstring s(n, wchar_t());
-    s.resize(s.capacity());
-    while (true)
-    {
-        int n2 = swprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, L"%f", val);
-        if (n2 > 0)
-        {
-            s.resize(static_cast<size_t>(n2));
-            break;
-        }
-        s.resize(2*s.size());
-        s.resize(s.capacity());
-    }
-    return s;
+    return as_string(get_swprintf(), initial_string<wstring, float>()(), L"%f", val);
 }
 
 wstring to_wstring(double val)
 {
-    const size_t n = 20;
-    wstring s(n, wchar_t());
-    s.resize(s.capacity());
-    while (true)
-    {
-        int n2 = swprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, L"%f", val);
-        if (n2 > 0)
-        {
-            s.resize(static_cast<size_t>(n2));
-            break;
-        }
-        s.resize(2*s.size());
-        s.resize(s.capacity());
-    }
-    return s;
+    return as_string(get_swprintf(), initial_string<wstring, double>()(), L"%f", val);
 }
 
 wstring to_wstring(long double val)
 {
-    const size_t n = 20;
-    wstring s(n, wchar_t());
-    s.resize(s.capacity());
-    while (true)
-    {
-        int n2 = swprintf(&s[0], s.size()+1, L"%Lf", val);
-        if (n2 > 0)
-        {
-            s.resize(static_cast<size_t>(n2));
-            break;
-        }
-        s.resize(2*s.size());
-        s.resize(s.capacity());
-    }
-    return s;
+    return as_string(get_swprintf(), initial_string<wstring, long double>()(), L"%Lf", val);
 }
-
 _LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
diff --git a/src/support/win32/locale_win32.cpp b/src/support/win32/locale_win32.cpp
index e8c630c..a639ade 100644
--- a/src/support/win32/locale_win32.cpp
+++ b/src/support/win32/locale_win32.cpp
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
 #include "support/win32/locale_win32.h"
-
-#include <stdarg.h> // va_start, va_end
+#include <cstdarg> // va_start, va_end
+#include <cwchar>  // mbstate_t
 
 // FIXME: base currently unused. Needs manual work to construct the new locale
 locale_t newlocale( int mask, const char * locale, locale_t /*base*/ )
diff --git a/src/support/win32/support.cpp b/src/support/win32/support.cpp
index 75f6391..1a8bcf6 100644
--- a/src/support/win32/support.cpp
+++ b/src/support/win32/support.cpp
@@ -8,38 +8,55 @@
 //
 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
-#include <support/win32/support.h>
-#include <stdarg.h> // va_start, va_end
-#include <stddef.h> // size_t
-#include <stdlib.h> // malloc
-#include <stdio.h>  // vsprintf, vsnprintf
-#include <string.h> // strcpy, wcsncpy
+#include <cstdarg> // va_start, va_end
+#include <cstddef> // size_t
+#include <cstdlib> // malloc
+#include <cstdio>  // vsprintf, vsnprintf
+#include <cstring> // strcpy, wcsncpy
+#include <cwchar>  // mbstate_t
+#include <memory> // unique_ptr
 
-int asprintf(char **sptr, const char *__restrict fmt, ...)
+namespace { // Private
+
+	struct free_deleter { 
+		inline void operator()(char* p) { free(p); } 
+	}; 
+}
+// Some of these functions aren't standard or if they conform, the name does not.
+
+int asprintf(char **sptr, const char *__restrict format, ...)
 {
     va_list ap;
-    va_start(ap, fmt);
-    int result = vasprintf(sptr, fmt, ap);
+    va_start(ap, format);
+    int result;
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try {
+#endif
+        result = vasprintf(sptr, format, ap);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    } catch( ... ) {
+        va_end(ap);
+        throw;
+    }
+#endif
     va_end(ap);
     return result;
 }
 
 // Like sprintf, but when return value >= 0 it returns a pointer to a malloc'd string in *sptr.
 // If return >= 0, use free to delete *sptr.
-int vasprintf( char **sptr, const char *__restrict fmt, va_list ap )
+int vasprintf( char **sptr, const char *__restrict format, va_list ap )
 {
     *sptr = NULL;
-    int count = vsnprintf( NULL, 0, fmt, ap ); // Query the buffer size required.
+    int count = _vsnprintf( NULL, 0, format, ap ); // Query the buffer size required.
     if( count >= 0 ) {
-        char* p = static_cast<char*>(malloc(count+1)); // Allocate memory for it and the terminator.
-        if ( p == NULL )
+        std::unique_ptr<char, free_deleter> p( static_cast<char*>(malloc(count+1)) );
+        if ( ! p )
             return -1;
-        if ( vsnprintf( p, count+1, fmt, ap ) == count ) // We should have used exactly what was required.
-            *sptr = p;
-        else { // Otherwise something is wrong, likely a bug in vsnprintf. If so free the memory and report the error.
-            free(p);
-            return -1;
-        }
+        if ( vsnprintf( p.get(), count+1, format, ap ) == count ) // We should have used exactly what was required.
+            *sptr = p.release();
+        else // Otherwise something is wrong, likely a bug in vsnprintf. If so free the memory and report the error.
+            return -1; // Pointer will get automaticlaly deleted.
     }
 
     return count;
@@ -120,7 +137,7 @@
         if ( dst )
             result = wcrtomb_s( &char_size, dst + dest_converted, dest_remaining, c, ps);
         else
-            result = wcrtomb_s( &char_size, NULL, 0, c, ps); 
+            result = wcrtomb_s( &char_size, NULL, 0, c, ps);
         // If result is zero there is no error and char_size contains the size of the multi-byte-sequence converted.
         // Otherwise result indicates an errno type error.
         if ( result == no_error ) {