[libc++] Cleanup and document <__threading_support>

Summary:
This patch attempts to clean up the macro configuration mess in `<__threading_support>`, specifically the mess involving external threading variants. Additionally this patch adds design documentation for `<__threading_support>` and the configuration macros it uses.

The primary change in this patch is separating the idea of an "external API" provided by `<__external_threading>` and the idea of having an external threading library. Now `_LIBCPP_HAS_THREAD_API_EXTERNAL` means that libc++ should use `<__external_threading>` and that the header is expected to exist.  Additionally the new macro `_LIBCPP_HAS_THREAD_LIBRARY_EXTERNAL` is now used to configure for using an "external library"  with the default threading API.

Reviewers: compnerd, rmaprath

Subscribers: smeenai, cfe-commits, mgorny

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D28316

llvm-svn: 291275
Cr-Mirrored-From: sso://chromium.googlesource.com/_direct/external/github.com/llvm/llvm-project
Cr-Mirrored-Commit: 00f6beaed46e86463fb88319845947c45e1dfac3
diff --git a/docs/index.rst b/docs/index.rst
index 8f21a27..9e72ca9 100644
--- a/docs/index.rst
+++ b/docs/index.rst
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@
    DesignDocs/CapturingConfigInfo
    DesignDocs/ABIVersioning
    DesignDocs/VisibilityMacros
-
+   DesignDocs/ThreadingSupportAPI
 
 * `<atomic> design <http://libcxx.llvm.org/atomic_design.html>`_
 * `<type_traits> design <http://libcxx.llvm.org/type_traits_design.html>`_