server/hosts/cros_host.py

# Copyright (c) 2012 The Chromium OS Authors. All rights reserved.
# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
# found in the LICENSE file.

import ConfigParser
import functools
import httplib
import logging
import os
import re
import socket
import subprocess
import time
import xmlrpclib

import common
from autotest_lib.client.bin import utils
from autotest_lib.client.common_lib import autotemp
from autotest_lib.client.common_lib import error
from autotest_lib.client.common_lib import global_config
from autotest_lib.client.common_lib import lsbrelease_utils
from autotest_lib.client.common_lib.cros import autoupdater
from autotest_lib.client.common_lib.cros import dev_server
from autotest_lib.client.common_lib.cros import retry
from autotest_lib.client.common_lib.cros.graphite import autotest_es
from autotest_lib.client.common_lib.cros.graphite import autotest_stats
from autotest_lib.client.cros import constants as client_constants
from autotest_lib.client.cros import cros_ui
from autotest_lib.client.cros.audio import cras_utils
from autotest_lib.server import autoserv_parser
from autotest_lib.server import autotest
from autotest_lib.server import constants
from autotest_lib.server import crashcollect
from autotest_lib.server import utils as server_utils
from autotest_lib.server.cros import provision
from autotest_lib.server.cros.dynamic_suite import constants as ds_constants
from autotest_lib.server.cros.dynamic_suite import tools, frontend_wrappers
from autotest_lib.server.cros.faft.config.config import Config as FAFTConfig
from autotest_lib.server.hosts import abstract_ssh
from autotest_lib.server.hosts import chameleon_host
from autotest_lib.server.hosts import servo_host
from autotest_lib.site_utils.rpm_control_system import rpm_client


try:
    import jsonrpclib
except ImportError:
    jsonrpclib = None


class FactoryImageCheckerException(error.AutoservError):
    """Exception raised when an image is a factory image."""
    pass


def add_label_detector(label_function_list, label_list=None, label=None):
    """Decorator used to group functions together into the provided list.
    @param label_function_list: List of label detecting functions to add
                                decorated function to.
    @param label_list: List of detectable labels to add detectable labels to.
                       (Default: None)
    @param label: Label string that is detectable by this detection function
                  (Default: None)
    """
    def add_func(func):
        """
        @param func: The function to be added as a detector.
        """
        label_function_list.append(func)
        if label and label_list is not None:
            label_list.append(label)
        return func
    return add_func


class CrosHost(abstract_ssh.AbstractSSHHost):
    """Chromium OS specific subclass of Host."""

    _parser = autoserv_parser.autoserv_parser
    _AFE = frontend_wrappers.RetryingAFE(timeout_min=5, delay_sec=10)

    # Timeout values (in seconds) associated with various Chrome OS
    # state changes.
    #
    # In general, a good rule of thumb is that the timeout can be up
    # to twice the typical measured value on the slowest platform.
    # The times here have not necessarily been empirically tested to
    # meet this criterion.
    #
    # SLEEP_TIMEOUT:  Time to allow for suspend to memory.
    # RESUME_TIMEOUT: Time to allow for resume after suspend, plus
    #   time to restart the netwowrk.
    # SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT: Time to allow for shut down.
    # BOOT_TIMEOUT: Time to allow for boot from power off.  Among
    #   other things, this must account for the 30 second dev-mode
    #   screen delay and time to start the network.
    # USB_BOOT_TIMEOUT: Time to allow for boot from a USB device,
    #   including the 30 second dev-mode delay and time to start the
    #   network.
    # INSTALL_TIMEOUT: Time to allow for chromeos-install.
    # POWERWASH_BOOT_TIMEOUT: Time to allow for a reboot that
    #   includes powerwash.

    SLEEP_TIMEOUT = 2
    RESUME_TIMEOUT = 10
    SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT = 10
    BOOT_TIMEOUT = 60
    USB_BOOT_TIMEOUT = 150
    INSTALL_TIMEOUT = 480
    POWERWASH_BOOT_TIMEOUT = 60

    # Minimum OS version that supports server side packaging. Older builds may
    # not have server side package built or with Autotest code change to support
    # server-side packaging.
    MIN_VERSION_SUPPORT_SSP = global_config.global_config.get_config_value(
            'AUTOSERV', 'min_version_support_ssp', type=int)

    # REBOOT_TIMEOUT: How long to wait for a reboot.
    #
    # We have a long timeout to ensure we don't flakily fail due to other
    # issues. Shorter timeouts are vetted in platform_RebootAfterUpdate.
    # TODO(sbasi - crbug.com/276094) Restore to 5 mins once the 'host did not
    # return from reboot' bug is solved.
    REBOOT_TIMEOUT = 480

    # _USB_POWER_TIMEOUT: Time to allow for USB to power toggle ON and OFF.
    # _POWER_CYCLE_TIMEOUT: Time to allow for manual power cycle.
    _USB_POWER_TIMEOUT = 5
    _POWER_CYCLE_TIMEOUT = 10

    _RPC_PROXY_URL = 'http://localhost:%d'
    _RPC_SHUTDOWN_POLLING_PERIOD_SECONDS = 2
    # Set shutdown timeout to account for the time for restarting the UI.
    _RPC_SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = cros_ui.RESTART_UI_TIMEOUT

    _RPM_RECOVERY_BOARDS = global_config.global_config.get_config_value('CROS',
            'rpm_recovery_boards', type=str).split(',')

    _MAX_POWER_CYCLE_ATTEMPTS = 6
    _LAB_MACHINE_FILE = '/mnt/stateful_partition/.labmachine'
    _RPM_HOSTNAME_REGEX = ('chromeos(\d+)(-row(\d+))?-rack(\d+[a-z]*)'
                           '-host(\d+)')
    _LIGHT_SENSOR_FILES = [ "in_illuminance0_input",
                            "in_illuminance_input",
                            "in_illuminance0_raw",
                            "in_illuminance_raw",
                            "illuminance0_input"]
    _LIGHTSENSOR_SEARCH_DIR = '/sys/bus/iio/devices'
    _LABEL_FUNCTIONS = []
    _DETECTABLE_LABELS = []
    label_decorator = functools.partial(add_label_detector, _LABEL_FUNCTIONS,
                                        _DETECTABLE_LABELS)

    # Constants used in ping_wait_up() and ping_wait_down().
    #
    # _PING_WAIT_COUNT is the approximate number of polling
    # cycles to use when waiting for a host state change.
    #
    # _PING_STATUS_DOWN and _PING_STATUS_UP are names used
    # for arguments to the internal _ping_wait_for_status()
    # method.
    _PING_WAIT_COUNT = 40
    _PING_STATUS_DOWN = False
    _PING_STATUS_UP = True

    # Allowed values for the power_method argument.

    # POWER_CONTROL_RPM: Passed as default arg for power_off/on/cycle() methods.
    # POWER_CONTROL_SERVO: Used in set_power() and power_cycle() methods.
    # POWER_CONTROL_MANUAL: Used in set_power() and power_cycle() methods.
    POWER_CONTROL_RPM = 'RPM'
    POWER_CONTROL_SERVO = 'servoj10'
    POWER_CONTROL_MANUAL = 'manual'

    POWER_CONTROL_VALID_ARGS = (POWER_CONTROL_RPM,
                                POWER_CONTROL_SERVO,
                                POWER_CONTROL_MANUAL)

    _RPM_OUTLET_CHANGED = 'outlet_changed'

    # URL pattern to download firmware image.
    _FW_IMAGE_URL_PATTERN = global_config.global_config.get_config_value(
            'CROS', 'firmware_url_pattern', type=str)

    # File that has a list of directories to be collected
    _LOGS_TO_COLLECT_FILE = os.path.join(
            common.client_dir, 'common_lib', 'logs_to_collect')

    # Prefix of logging message w.r.t. crash collection
    _CRASHLOGS_PREFIX = 'collect_crashlogs'

    # Time duration waiting for host up/down check
    _CHECK_HOST_UP_TIMEOUT_SECS = 15

    # A command that interacts with kernel and hardware (e.g., rm, mkdir, etc)
    # might not be completely done deep through the hardware when the machine
    # is powered down right after the command returns.
    # We should wait for a few seconds to make them done. Finger crossed.
    _SAFE_WAIT_SECS = 10


    @staticmethod
    def check_host(host, timeout=10):
        """
        Check if the given host is a chrome-os host.

        @param host: An ssh host representing a device.
        @param timeout: The timeout for the run command.

        @return: True if the host device is chromeos.

        """
        try:
            result = host.run('grep -q CHROMEOS /etc/lsb-release && '
                             '! which adb >/dev/null 2>&1 && '
                             '! grep -q moblab /etc/lsb-release',
                              ignore_status=True, timeout=timeout)
        except (error.AutoservRunError, error.AutoservSSHTimeout):
            return False
        return result.exit_status == 0


    @staticmethod
    def _extract_arguments(args_dict, key_subset):
        """Extract options from `args_dict` and return a subset result.

        Take the provided dictionary of argument options and return
        a subset that represent standard arguments needed to construct
        a test-assistant object (chameleon or servo) for a host. The
        intent is to provide standard argument processing from
        run_remote_tests for tests that require a test-assistant board
        to operate.

        @param args_dict Dictionary from which to extract the arguments.
        @param key_subset Tuple of keys to extract from the args_dict, e.g.
          ('servo_host', 'servo_port').
        """
        result = {}
        for arg in key_subset:
            if arg in args_dict:
                result[arg] = args_dict[arg]
        return result


    @staticmethod
    def get_chameleon_arguments(args_dict):
        """Extract chameleon options from `args_dict` and return the result.

        Recommended usage:
        ~~~~~~~~
            args_dict = utils.args_to_dict(args)
            chameleon_args = hosts.CrosHost.get_chameleon_arguments(args_dict)
            host = hosts.create_host(machine, chameleon_args=chameleon_args)
        ~~~~~~~~

        @param args_dict Dictionary from which to extract the chameleon
          arguments.
        """
        return CrosHost._extract_arguments(
                args_dict, ('chameleon_host', 'chameleon_port'))


    @staticmethod
    def get_servo_arguments(args_dict):
        """Extract servo options from `args_dict` and return the result.

        Recommended usage:
        ~~~~~~~~
            args_dict = utils.args_to_dict(args)
            servo_args = hosts.CrosHost.get_servo_arguments(args_dict)
            host = hosts.create_host(machine, servo_args=servo_args)
        ~~~~~~~~

        @param args_dict Dictionary from which to extract the servo
          arguments.
        """
        return CrosHost._extract_arguments(
                args_dict, ('servo_host', 'servo_port'))


    def _initialize(self, hostname, chameleon_args=None, servo_args=None,
                    try_lab_servo=False, ssh_verbosity_flag='', ssh_options='',
                    *args, **dargs):
        """Initialize superclasses, |self.chameleon|, and |self.servo|.

        This method will attempt to create the test-assistant object
        (chameleon/servo) when it is needed by the test. Check
        the docstring of chameleon_host.create_chameleon_host and
        servo_host.create_servo_host for how this is determined.

        @param hostname: Hostname of the dut.
        @param chameleon_args: A dictionary that contains args for creating
                               a ChameleonHost. See chameleon_host for details.
        @param servo_args: A dictionary that contains args for creating
                           a ServoHost object. See servo_host for details.
        @param try_lab_servo: Boolean, False indicates that ServoHost should
                              not be created for a device in Cros test lab.
                              See servo_host for details.
        @param ssh_verbosity_flag: String, to pass to the ssh command to control
                                   verbosity.
        @param ssh_options: String, other ssh options to pass to the ssh
                            command.
        """
        super(CrosHost, self)._initialize(hostname=hostname,
                                          *args, **dargs)
        # self.env is a dictionary of environment variable settings
        # to be exported for commands run on the host.
        # LIBC_FATAL_STDERR_ can be useful for diagnosing certain
        # errors that might happen.
        self.env['LIBC_FATAL_STDERR_'] = '1'
        self._rpc_proxy_map = {}
        self._ssh_verbosity_flag = ssh_verbosity_flag
        self._ssh_options = ssh_options
        # TODO(fdeng): We need to simplify the
        # process of servo and servo_host initialization.
        # crbug.com/298432
        self._servo_host =  servo_host.create_servo_host(
                dut=self.hostname, servo_args=servo_args,
                try_lab_servo=try_lab_servo)
        # TODO(waihong): Do the simplication on Chameleon too.
        self._chameleon_host = chameleon_host.create_chameleon_host(
                dut=self.hostname, chameleon_args=chameleon_args)

        if self._servo_host is not None:
            self.servo = self._servo_host.get_servo()
        else:
            self.servo = None

        if self._chameleon_host:
            self.chameleon = self._chameleon_host.create_chameleon_board()
        else:
            self.chameleon = None


    def get_repair_image_name(self):
        """Generate a image_name from variables in the global config.

        @returns a str of $board-version/$BUILD.

        """
        board = self._get_board_from_afe()
        if board is None:
            raise error.AutoservError('DUT has no board attribute, '
                                      'cannot be repaired.')
        stable_version = self._AFE.run('get_stable_version', board=board)
        build_pattern = global_config.global_config.get_config_value(
                'CROS', 'stable_build_pattern')
        return build_pattern % (board, stable_version)


    def _host_in_AFE(self):
        """Check if the host is an object the AFE knows.

        @returns the host object.
        """
        return self._AFE.get_hosts(hostname=self.hostname)


    def lookup_job_repo_url(self):
        """Looks up the job_repo_url for the host.

        @returns job_repo_url from AFE or None if not found.

        @raises KeyError if the host does not have a job_repo_url
        """
        if not self._host_in_AFE():
            return None

        hosts = self._AFE.get_hosts(hostname=self.hostname)
        if hosts and ds_constants.JOB_REPO_URL in hosts[0].attributes:
            return hosts[0].attributes[ds_constants.JOB_REPO_URL]


    def clear_cros_version_labels_and_job_repo_url(self):
        """Clear cros_version labels and host attribute job_repo_url."""
        if not self._host_in_AFE():
            return

        host_list = [self.hostname]
        labels = self._AFE.get_labels(
                name__startswith=ds_constants.VERSION_PREFIX,
                host__hostname=self.hostname)

        for label in labels:
            label.remove_hosts(hosts=host_list)

        self.update_job_repo_url(None, None)


    def update_job_repo_url(self, devserver_url, image_name):
        """
        Updates the job_repo_url host attribute and asserts it's value.

        @param devserver_url: The devserver to use in the job_repo_url.
        @param image_name: The name of the image to use in the job_repo_url.

        @raises AutoservError: If we failed to update the job_repo_url.
        """
        repo_url = None
        if devserver_url and image_name:
            repo_url = tools.get_package_url(devserver_url, image_name)
        self._AFE.set_host_attribute(ds_constants.JOB_REPO_URL, repo_url,
                                     hostname=self.hostname)
        if self.lookup_job_repo_url() != repo_url:
            raise error.AutoservError('Failed to update job_repo_url with %s, '
                                      'host %s' % (repo_url, self.hostname))


    def add_cros_version_labels_and_job_repo_url(self, image_name):
        """Add cros_version labels and host attribute job_repo_url.

        @param image_name: The name of the image e.g.
                lumpy-release/R27-3837.0.0

        """
        if not self._host_in_AFE():
            return

        cros_label = '%s%s' % (ds_constants.VERSION_PREFIX, image_name)
        devserver_url = dev_server.ImageServer.resolve(image_name).url()

        labels = self._AFE.get_labels(name=cros_label)
        if labels:
            label = labels[0]
        else:
            label = self._AFE.create_label(name=cros_label)

        label.add_hosts([self.hostname])
        self.update_job_repo_url(devserver_url, image_name)


    def verify_job_repo_url(self, tag=''):
        """
        Make sure job_repo_url of this host is valid.

        Eg: The job_repo_url "http://lmn.cd.ab.xyx:8080/static/\
        lumpy-release/R29-4279.0.0/autotest/packages" claims to have the
        autotest package for lumpy-release/R29-4279.0.0. If this isn't the case,
        download and extract it. If the devserver embedded in the url is
        unresponsive, update the job_repo_url of the host after staging it on
        another devserver.

        @param job_repo_url: A url pointing to the devserver where the autotest
            package for this build should be staged.
        @param tag: The tag from the server job, in the format
                    <job_id>-<user>/<hostname>, or <hostless> for a server job.

        @raises DevServerException: If we could not resolve a devserver.
        @raises AutoservError: If we're unable to save the new job_repo_url as
            a result of choosing a new devserver because the old one failed to
            respond to a health check.
        @raises urllib2.URLError: If the devserver embedded in job_repo_url
                                  doesn't respond within the timeout.
        """
        job_repo_url = self.lookup_job_repo_url()
        if not job_repo_url:
            logging.warning('No job repo url set on host %s', self.hostname)
            return

        logging.info('Verifying job repo url %s', job_repo_url)
        devserver_url, image_name = tools.get_devserver_build_from_package_url(
            job_repo_url)

        ds = dev_server.ImageServer(devserver_url)

        logging.info('Staging autotest artifacts for %s on devserver %s',
            image_name, ds.url())

        start_time = time.time()
        ds.stage_artifacts(image_name, ['autotest_packages'])
        stage_time = time.time() - start_time

        # Record how much of the verification time comes from a devserver
        # restage. If we're doing things right we should not see multiple
        # devservers for a given board/build/branch path.
        try:
            board, build_type, branch = server_utils.ParseBuildName(
                                                image_name)[:3]
        except server_utils.ParseBuildNameException:
            pass
        else:
            devserver = devserver_url[
                devserver_url.find('/') + 2:devserver_url.rfind(':')]
            stats_key = {
                'board': board,
                'build_type': build_type,
                'branch': branch,
                'devserver': devserver.replace('.', '_'),
            }
            autotest_stats.Gauge('verify_job_repo_url').send(
                '%(board)s.%(build_type)s.%(branch)s.%(devserver)s' % stats_key,
                stage_time)


    def stage_server_side_package(self, image=None):
        """Stage autotest server-side package on devserver.

        @param image: Full path of an OS image to install or a build name.

        @return: A url to the autotest server-side package.
        """
        if image:
            image_name = tools.get_build_from_image(image)
            if not image_name:
                raise error.AutoservError(
                        'Failed to parse build name from %s' % image)
            ds = dev_server.ImageServer.resolve(image_name)
        else:
            job_repo_url = self.lookup_job_repo_url()
            if job_repo_url:
                devserver_url, image_name = (
                    tools.get_devserver_build_from_package_url(job_repo_url))
                ds = dev_server.ImageServer(devserver_url)
            else:
                labels = self._AFE.get_labels(
                        name__startswith=ds_constants.VERSION_PREFIX,
                        host__hostname=self.hostname)
                if not labels:
                    raise error.AutoservError(
                            'Failed to stage server-side package. The host has '
                            'no job_report_url attribute or version label.')
                image_name = labels[0].name[len(ds_constants.VERSION_PREFIX):]
                ds = dev_server.ImageServer.resolve(image_name)

        # Get the OS version of the build, for any build older than
        # MIN_VERSION_SUPPORT_SSP, server side packaging is not supported.
        match = re.match('.*/R\d+-(\d+)\.', image_name)
        if match and int(match.group(1)) < self.MIN_VERSION_SUPPORT_SSP:
            logging.warn('Build %s is older than %s. Server side packaging is '
                         'disabled.', image_name, self.MIN_VERSION_SUPPORT_SSP)
            return None

        ds.stage_artifacts(image_name, ['autotest_server_package'])
        return '%s/static/%s/%s' % (ds.url(), image_name,
                                    'autotest_server_package.tar.bz2')


    def _try_stateful_update(self, update_url, force_update, updater):
        """Try to use stateful update to initialize DUT.

        When DUT is already running the same version that machine_install
        tries to install, stateful update is a much faster way to clean up
        the DUT for testing, compared to a full reimage. It is implemeted
        by calling autoupdater.run_update, but skipping updating root, as
        updating the kernel is time consuming and not necessary.

        @param update_url: url of the image.
        @param force_update: Set to True to update the image even if the DUT
            is running the same version.
        @param updater: ChromiumOSUpdater instance used to update the DUT.
        @returns: True if the DUT was updated with stateful update.

        """
        # TODO(jrbarnette):  Yes, I hate this re.match() test case.
        # It's better than the alternative:  see crbug.com/360944.
        image_name = autoupdater.url_to_image_name(update_url)
        release_pattern = r'^.*-release/R[0-9]+-[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.0$'
        if not re.match(release_pattern, image_name):
            return False
        if not updater.check_version():
            return False
        if not force_update:
            logging.info('Canceling stateful update because the new and '
                         'old versions are the same.')
            return False
        # Following folders should be rebuilt after stateful update.
        # A test file is used to confirm each folder gets rebuilt after
        # the stateful update.
        folders_to_check = ['/var', '/home', '/mnt/stateful_partition']
        test_file = '.test_file_to_be_deleted'
        for folder in folders_to_check:
            touch_path = os.path.join(folder, test_file)
            self.run('touch %s' % touch_path)

        updater.run_update(update_root=False)

        # Reboot to complete stateful update.
        self.reboot(timeout=self.REBOOT_TIMEOUT, wait=True)
        check_file_cmd = 'test -f %s; echo $?'
        for folder in folders_to_check:
            test_file_path = os.path.join(folder, test_file)
            result = self.run(check_file_cmd % test_file_path,
                              ignore_status=True)
            if result.exit_status == 1:
                return False
        return True


    def _post_update_processing(self, updater, expected_kernel=None):
        """After the DUT is updated, confirm machine_install succeeded.

        @param updater: ChromiumOSUpdater instance used to update the DUT.
        @param expected_kernel: kernel expected to be active after reboot,
            or `None` to skip rollback checking.

        """
        # Touch the lab machine file to leave a marker that
        # distinguishes this image from other test images.
        # Afterwards, we must re-run the autoreboot script because
        # it depends on the _LAB_MACHINE_FILE.
        self.run('touch %s' % self._LAB_MACHINE_FILE)
        self.run('start autoreboot')
        updater.verify_boot_expectations(
                expected_kernel, rollback_message=
                'Build %s failed to boot on %s; system rolled back to previous'
                'build' % (updater.update_version, self.hostname))
        # Check that we've got the build we meant to install.
        if not updater.check_version_to_confirm_install():
            raise autoupdater.ChromiumOSError(
                'Failed to update %s to build %s; found build '
                '%s instead' % (self.hostname,
                                updater.update_version,
                                self.get_release_version()))

        logging.debug('Cleaning up old autotest directories.')
        try:
            installed_autodir = autotest.Autotest.get_installed_autodir(self)
            self.run('rm -rf ' + installed_autodir)
        except autotest.AutodirNotFoundError:
            logging.debug('No autotest installed directory found.')


    def _stage_image_for_update(self, image_name=None):
        """Stage a build on a devserver and return the update_url and devserver.

        @param image_name: a name like lumpy-release/R27-3837.0.0
        @returns a tuple with an update URL like:
            http://172.22.50.205:8082/update/lumpy-release/R27-3837.0.0
            and the devserver instance.
        """
        if not image_name:
            image_name = self.get_repair_image_name()

        logging.info('Staging build for AU: %s', image_name)
        devserver = dev_server.ImageServer.resolve(image_name)
        devserver.trigger_download(image_name, synchronous=False)
        return (tools.image_url_pattern() % (devserver.url(), image_name),
                devserver)


    def stage_image_for_servo(self, image_name=None):
        """Stage a build on a devserver and return the update_url.

        @param image_name: a name like lumpy-release/R27-3837.0.0
        @returns an update URL like:
            http://172.22.50.205:8082/update/lumpy-release/R27-3837.0.0
        """
        if not image_name:
            image_name = self.get_repair_image_name()
        logging.info('Staging build for servo install: %s', image_name)
        devserver = dev_server.ImageServer.resolve(image_name)
        devserver.stage_artifacts(image_name, ['test_image'])
        return devserver.get_test_image_url(image_name)


    def stage_factory_image_for_servo(self, image_name):
        """Stage a build on a devserver and return the update_url.

        @param image_name: a name like <baord>/4262.204.0

        @return: An update URL, eg:
            http://<devserver>/static/canary-channel/\
            <board>/4262.204.0/factory_test/chromiumos_factory_image.bin

        @raises: ValueError if the factory artifact name is missing from
                 the config.

        """
        if not image_name:
            logging.error('Need an image_name to stage a factory image.')
            return

        factory_artifact = global_config.global_config.get_config_value(
                'CROS', 'factory_artifact', type=str, default='')
        if not factory_artifact:
            raise ValueError('Cannot retrieve the factory artifact name from '
                             'autotest config, and hence cannot stage factory '
                             'artifacts.')

        logging.info('Staging build for servo install: %s', image_name)
        devserver = dev_server.ImageServer.resolve(image_name)
        devserver.stage_artifacts(
                image_name,
                [factory_artifact],
                archive_url=None)

        return tools.factory_image_url_pattern() % (devserver.url(), image_name)


    def machine_install(self, update_url=None, force_update=False,
                        local_devserver=False, force_full_update=False):
        """Install the DUT.

        Use stateful update if the DUT is already running the same build.
        Stateful update does not update kernel and tends to run much faster
        than a full reimage. If the DUT is running a different build, or it
        failed to do a stateful update, full update, including kernel update,
        will be applied to the DUT.

        Once a host enters machine_install its cros_version label will be
        removed as well as its host attribute job_repo_url (used for
        package install).

        @param update_url: The url to use for the update
                pattern: http://$devserver:###/update/$build
                If update_url is None and repair is True we will install the
                stable image listed in afe_stable_versions table. If the table
                is not setup, global_config value under CROS.stable_cros_version
                will be used instead.
        @param force_update: Force an update even if the version installed
                is the same. Default:False
        @param local_devserver: Used by run_remote_test to allow people to
                use their local devserver. Default: False
        @param force_full_update: If True, do not attempt to run stateful
                update, force a full reimage. If False, try stateful update
                first when the dut is already installed with the same version.
        @raises autoupdater.ChromiumOSError

        """
        if not update_url and not self._parser.options.image:
            raise error.AutoservError(
                 'There is no update URL, nor a method to get one.')

        # Variable to determine whether or not the devserver is mungible.
        update_url_is_fixed = True
        if not update_url and self._parser.options.image:
            # This is the base case where we have no given update URL i.e.
            # dynamic suites logic etc. This is the most flexible case where we
            # can serve an update from any of our fleet of devservers.
            requested_build = self._parser.options.image
            if not requested_build.startswith('http://'):
                update_url_is_fixed = False
                logging.debug('Update will be staged for this installation')
                update_url, devserver = self._stage_image_for_update(
                         requested_build)
            else:
                update_url = requested_build

        logging.debug('Update URL is %s', update_url)

        # Remove cros-version and job_repo_url host attribute from host.
        self.clear_cros_version_labels_and_job_repo_url()

        update_complete = False
        updater = autoupdater.ChromiumOSUpdater(
                 update_url, host=self, local_devserver=local_devserver)
        if not force_full_update:
            try:
                # If the DUT is already running the same build, try stateful
                # update first as it's much quicker than a full re-image.
                update_complete = self._try_stateful_update(
                         update_url, force_update, updater)
            except Exception as e:
                logging.exception(e)

        inactive_kernel = None
        if update_complete or (not force_update and updater.check_version()):
            logging.info('Install complete without full update')
        else:
            logging.info('DUT requires full update.')
            self.reboot(timeout=self.REBOOT_TIMEOUT, wait=True)

            # Determine the number of attempts to use.
            # If the update url isn't fixed we can be more flexible in allowing
            # devserver flake because we can switch devservers.
            num_of_attempts = 1
            if not update_url_is_fixed:
                num_of_attempts = provision.FLAKY_DEVSERVER_ATTEMPTS

            while num_of_attempts > 0:
                num_of_attempts -= 1
                try:
                    updater.run_update()
                except Exception:
                    logging.warn('Autoupdate did not complete.')
                    # Do additional check for the devserver health. Ideally,
                    # the autoupdater.py could raise an exception when it
                    # detected network flake but that would require
                    # instrumenting the update engine and parsing it log.
                    if (dev_server.DevServer.devserver_healthy(devserver.url())
                            or num_of_attempts <= 0):
                         raise

                    logging.warn('Devserver looks unhealthy. Trying another')
                    update_url, devserver = self._stage_image_for_update(
                            requested_build)
                    logging.debug('New Update URL is %s', update_url)
                    updater = autoupdater.ChromiumOSUpdater(
                            update_url, host=self,
                            local_devserver=local_devserver)
                else:
                    break

            # Give it some time in case of IO issues.
            time.sleep(10)

            # Figure out active and inactive kernel.
            active_kernel, inactive_kernel = updater.get_kernel_state()

            # Ensure inactive kernel has higher priority than active.
            if (updater.get_kernel_priority(inactive_kernel)
                    < updater.get_kernel_priority(active_kernel)):
                raise autoupdater.ChromiumOSError(
                    'Update failed. The priority of the inactive kernel'
                    ' partition is less than that of the active kernel'
                    ' partition.')

            # Updater has returned successfully; reboot the host.
            self.reboot(timeout=self.REBOOT_TIMEOUT, wait=True)

        self._post_update_processing(updater, inactive_kernel)
        self.add_cros_version_labels_and_job_repo_url(
                autoupdater.url_to_image_name(update_url))


    def _clear_fw_version_labels(self):
        """Clear firmware version labels from the machine."""
        labels = self._AFE.get_labels(
                name__startswith=provision.FW_VERSION_PREFIX,
                host__hostname=self.hostname)
        for label in labels:
            label.remove_hosts(hosts=[self.hostname])


    def _add_fw_version_label(self, build):
        """Add firmware version label to the machine.

        @param build: Build of firmware.

        """
        fw_label = provision.fw_version_to_label(build)
        provision.ensure_label_exists(fw_label)
        label = self._AFE.get_labels(name__startswith=fw_label)[0]
        label.add_hosts([self.hostname])


    def firmware_install(self, build=None):
        """Install firmware to the DUT.

        Use stateful update if the DUT is already running the same build.
        Stateful update does not update kernel and tends to run much faster
        than a full reimage. If the DUT is running a different build, or it
        failed to do a stateful update, full update, including kernel update,
        will be applied to the DUT.

        Once a host enters firmware_install its fw_version label will be
        removed. After the firmware is updated successfully, a new fw_version
        label will be added to the host.

        @param build: The build version to which we want to provision the
                      firmware of the machine,
                      e.g. 'link-firmware/R22-2695.1.144'.

        TODO(dshi): After bug 381718 is fixed, update here with corresponding
                    exceptions that could be raised.

        """
        if not self.servo:
            raise error.TestError('Host %s does not have servo.' %
                                  self.hostname)

        # TODO(fdeng): use host.get_board() after
        # crbug.com/271834 is fixed.
        board = self._get_board_from_afe()

        # If build is not set, try to install firmware from stable CrOS.
        if not build:
            build = self.get_repair_image_name()

        config = FAFTConfig(board)
        if config.use_u_boot:
            ap_image = 'image-%s.bin' % board
        else: # Depthcharge platform
            ap_image = 'image.bin'
        ec_image = 'ec.bin'
        ds = dev_server.ImageServer.resolve(build)
        ds.stage_artifacts(build, ['firmware'])

        tmpd = autotemp.tempdir(unique_id='fwimage')
        try:
            fwurl = self._FW_IMAGE_URL_PATTERN % (ds.url(), build)
            local_tarball = os.path.join(tmpd.name, os.path.basename(fwurl))
            server_utils.system('wget -O %s %s' % (local_tarball, fwurl),
                                timeout=60)
            server_utils.system('tar xf %s -C %s %s %s' %
                                (local_tarball, tmpd.name, ap_image, ec_image),
                                timeout=60)
            server_utils.system('tar xf %s  --wildcards -C %s "dts/*"' %
                                (local_tarball, tmpd.name),
                                timeout=60, ignore_status=True)

            self._clear_fw_version_labels()
            logging.info('Will re-program EC now')
            self.servo.program_ec(os.path.join(tmpd.name, ec_image))
            logging.info('Will re-program BIOS now')
            self.servo.program_bios(os.path.join(tmpd.name, ap_image))
            self.servo.get_power_state_controller().reset()
            time.sleep(self.servo.BOOT_DELAY)
            self._add_fw_version_label()
        finally:
            tmpd.clean()


    def show_update_engine_log(self):
        """Output update engine log."""
        logging.debug('Dumping %s', client_constants.UPDATE_ENGINE_LOG)
        self.run('cat %s' % client_constants.UPDATE_ENGINE_LOG)


    def _get_board_from_afe(self):
        """Retrieve this host's board from its labels in the AFE.

        Looks for a host label of the form "board:<board>", and
        returns the "<board>" part of the label.  `None` is returned
        if there is not a single, unique label matching the pattern.

        @returns board from label, or `None`.
        """
        return server_utils.get_board_from_afe(self.hostname, self._AFE)


    def get_build(self):
        """Retrieve the current build for this Host from the AFE.

        Looks through this host's labels in the AFE to determine its build.

        @returns The current build or None if it could not find it or if there
                 were multiple build labels assigned to this host.
        """
        return server_utils.get_build_from_afe(self.hostname, self._AFE)


    def _install_repair(self):
        """Attempt to repair this host using the update-engine.

        If the host is up, try installing the DUT with a stable
        "repair" version of Chrome OS as defined in afe_stable_versions table.
        If the table is not setup, global_config value under
        CROS.stable_cros_version will be used instead.

        @raises AutoservRepairMethodNA if the DUT is not reachable.
        @raises ChromiumOSError if the install failed for some reason.

        """
        if not self.is_up():
            raise error.AutoservRepairMethodNA('DUT unreachable for install.')
        logging.info('Attempting to reimage machine to repair image.')
        try:
            update_url = self._stage_image_for_update()
            logging.debug('Build staged, and update_url is set to: %s',
                          update_url)
            self.machine_install(update_url=update_url, force_update=True)
        except autoupdater.ChromiumOSError as e:
            logging.exception(e)
            logging.info('Repair via install failed.')
            raise


    def _install_repair_with_powerwash(self):
        """Attempt to powerwash first then repair this host using update-engine.

        update-engine may fail due to a bad image. In such case, powerwash
        may help to cleanup the DUT for update-engine to work again.

        @raises AutoservRepairMethodNA if the DUT is not reachable.
        @raises ChromiumOSError if the install failed for some reason.

        """
        if not self.is_up():
            raise error.AutoservRepairMethodNA('DUT unreachable for install.')

        logging.info('Attempting to powerwash the DUT.')
        self.run('echo "fast safe" > '
                 '/mnt/stateful_partition/factory_install_reset')
        self.reboot(timeout=self.POWERWASH_BOOT_TIMEOUT, wait=True)
        if not self.is_up():
            logging.error('Powerwash failed. DUT did not come back after '
                          'reboot.')
            raise error.AutoservRepairFailure(
                    'DUT failed to boot from powerwash after %d seconds' %
                    self.POWERWASH_BOOT_TIMEOUT)

        logging.info('Powerwash succeeded.')
        self._install_repair()


    def servo_install(self, image_url=None, usb_boot_timeout=USB_BOOT_TIMEOUT,
                      install_timeout=INSTALL_TIMEOUT):
        """
        Re-install the OS on the DUT by:
        1) installing a test image on a USB storage device attached to the Servo
                board,
        2) booting that image in recovery mode, and then
        3) installing the image with chromeos-install.

        @param image_url: If specified use as the url to install on the DUT.
                otherwise boot the currently staged image on the USB stick.
        @param usb_boot_timeout: The usb_boot_timeout to use during reimage.
                Factory images need a longer usb_boot_timeout than regular
                cros images.
        @param install_timeout: The timeout to use when installing the chromeos
                image. Factory images need a longer install_timeout.

        @raises AutoservError if the image fails to boot.

        """
        usb_boot_timer_key = ('servo_install.usb_boot_timeout_%s'
                              % usb_boot_timeout)
        logging.info('Downloading image to USB, then booting from it. Usb boot '
                     'timeout = %s', usb_boot_timeout)
        timer = autotest_stats.Timer(usb_boot_timer_key)
        timer.start()
        self.servo.install_recovery_image(image_url)
        if not self.wait_up(timeout=usb_boot_timeout):
            raise error.AutoservRepairFailure(
                    'DUT failed to boot from USB after %d seconds' %
                    usb_boot_timeout)
        timer.stop()

        install_timer_key = ('servo_install.install_timeout_%s'
                             % install_timeout)
        timer = autotest_stats.Timer(install_timer_key)
        timer.start()
        logging.info('Installing image through chromeos-install.')
        self.run('chromeos-install --yes',
                 timeout=install_timeout)
        self.run('halt')
        timer.stop()

        logging.info('Power cycling DUT through servo.')
        self.servo.get_power_state_controller().power_off()
        self.servo.switch_usbkey('off')
        # N.B. The Servo API requires that we use power_on() here
        # for two reasons:
        #  1) After turning on a DUT in recovery mode, you must turn
        #     it off and then on with power_on() once more to
        #     disable recovery mode (this is a Parrot specific
        #     requirement).
        #  2) After power_off(), the only way to turn on is with
        #     power_on() (this is a Storm specific requirement).
        self.servo.get_power_state_controller().power_on()

        logging.info('Waiting for DUT to come back up.')
        if not self.wait_up(timeout=self.BOOT_TIMEOUT):
            raise error.AutoservError('DUT failed to reboot installed '
                                      'test image after %d seconds' %
                                      self.BOOT_TIMEOUT)


    def _servo_repair_reinstall(self):
        """Reinstall the DUT utilizing servo and a test image.

        Re-install the OS on the DUT by:
        1) installing a test image on a USB storage device attached to the Servo
                board,
        2) booting that image in recovery mode, and then
        3) installing the image with chromeos-install.

        @raises AutoservRepairMethodNA if the device does not have servo
                support.

        """
        if not self.servo:
            raise error.AutoservRepairMethodNA('Repair Reinstall NA: '
                                               'DUT has no servo support.')

        logging.info('Attempting to recovery servo enabled device with '
                     'servo_repair_reinstall')

        image_url = self.stage_image_for_servo()
        self.servo_install(image_url)


    def _servo_repair_power(self):
        """Attempt to repair DUT using an attached Servo.

        Attempt to power on the DUT via power_long_press.

        @raises AutoservRepairMethodNA if the device does not have servo
                support.
        @raises AutoservRepairFailure if the repair fails for any reason.
        """
        if not self.servo:
            raise error.AutoservRepairMethodNA('Repair Power NA: '
                                               'DUT has no servo support.')

        logging.info('Attempting to recover servo enabled device by '
                     'powering it off and on.')
        self.servo.get_power_state_controller().power_off()
        self.servo.get_power_state_controller().power_on()
        if self.wait_up(self.BOOT_TIMEOUT):
            return

        raise error.AutoservRepairFailure('DUT did not boot after long_press.')


    def _powercycle_to_repair(self):
        """Utilize the RPM Infrastructure to bring the host back up.

        If the host is not up/repaired after the first powercycle we utilize
        auto fallback to the last good install by powercycling and rebooting the
        host 6 times.

        @raises AutoservRepairMethodNA if the device does not support remote
                power.
        @raises AutoservRepairFailure if the repair fails for any reason.

        """
        if not self.has_power():
            raise error.AutoservRepairMethodNA('Device does not support power.')

        logging.info('Attempting repair via RPM powercycle.')
        failed_cycles = 0
        self.power_cycle()
        while not self.wait_up(timeout=self.BOOT_TIMEOUT):
            failed_cycles += 1
            if failed_cycles >= self._MAX_POWER_CYCLE_ATTEMPTS:
                raise error.AutoservRepairFailure(
                        'Powercycled host %s %d times; device did not come back'
                        ' online.' % (self.hostname, failed_cycles))
            self.power_cycle()
        if failed_cycles == 0:
            logging.info('Powercycling was successful first time.')
        else:
            logging.info('Powercycling was successful after %d failures.',
                         failed_cycles)


    def _reboot_repair(self):
        """SSH to this host and reboot."""
        if not self.is_up(self._CHECK_HOST_UP_TIMEOUT_SECS):
            raise error.AutoservRepairMethodNA('DUT unreachable for reboot.')
        logging.info('Attempting repair via SSH reboot.')
        self.reboot(timeout=self.BOOT_TIMEOUT, wait=True)


    def check_device(self):
        """Check if a device is ssh-able, and if so, clean and verify it.

        @raise AutoservSSHTimeout: If the ssh ping times out.
        @raise AutoservSshPermissionDeniedError: If ssh ping fails due to
                                                 permissions.
        @raise AutoservSshPingHostError: For other AutoservRunErrors during
                                         ssh_ping.
        @raises AutoservError: As appropriate, during cleanup and verify.
        """
        self.ssh_ping()
        self.cleanup()
        self.verify()


    def repair_full(self):
        """Repair a host for repair level NO_PROTECTION.

        This overrides the base class function for repair; it does
        not call back to the parent class, but instead offers a
        simplified implementation based on the capabilities in the
        Chrome OS test lab.

        It first verifies and repairs servo if it is a DUT in CrOS
        lab and a servo is attached.

        This escalates in order through the following procedures and verifies
        the status using `self.check_device()` after each of them. This is done
        until both the repair and the veryfing step succeed.

        Escalation order of repair procedures from less intrusive to
        more intrusive repairs:
          1. SSH to the DUT and reboot.
          2. If there's a servo for the DUT, try to power the DUT off and
             on.
          3. If the DUT can be power-cycled via RPM, try to repair
             by power-cycling.
          4. Try to re-install to a known stable image using
             auto-update.
          5. If there's a servo for the DUT, try to re-install via
             the servo.

        As with the parent method, the last operation performed on
        the DUT must be to call `self.check_device()`; If that call fails the
        exception it raises is passed back to the caller.

        @raises AutoservRepairTotalFailure if the repair process fails to
                fix the DUT.
        @raises ServoHostRepairTotalFailure if the repair process fails to
                fix the servo host if one is attached to the DUT.
        @raises AutoservSshPermissionDeniedError if it is unable
                to ssh to the servo host due to permission error.

        """
        # Caution: Deleting shards relies on repair to always reboot the DUT.

        if self._servo_host and not self.servo:
            try:
                self._servo_host.repair_full()
            except Exception as e:
                logging.error('Could not create a healthy servo: %s', e)
            self.servo = self._servo_host.get_servo()

        self.try_collect_crashlogs()

        # TODO(scottz): This should use something similar to label_decorator,
        # but needs to be populated in order so DUTs are repaired with the
        # least amount of effort.
        repair_funcs = [self._reboot_repair,
                        self._servo_repair_power,
                        self._powercycle_to_repair,
                        self._install_repair,
                        self._install_repair_with_powerwash,
                        self._servo_repair_reinstall]
        errors = []
        board = self._get_board_from_afe()
        for repair_func in repair_funcs:
            try:
                repair_func()
                self.try_collect_crashlogs()
                self.check_device()
                autotest_stats.Counter(
                        '%s.SUCCEEDED' % repair_func.__name__).increment()
                if board:
                    autotest_stats.Counter(
                        '%s.%s.SUCCEEDED' % (repair_func.__name__,
                                             board)).increment()
                return
            except error.AutoservRepairMethodNA as e:
                autotest_stats.Counter(
                        '%s.RepairNA' % repair_func.__name__).increment()
                if board:
                    autotest_stats.Counter(
                        '%s.%s.RepairNA' % (repair_func.__name__,
                                            board)).increment()
                logging.warning('Repair function NA: %s', e)
                errors.append(str(e))
            except Exception as e:
                autotest_stats.Counter(
                        '%s.FAILED' % repair_func.__name__).increment()
                if board:
                    autotest_stats.Counter(
                        '%s.%s.FAILED' % (repair_func.__name__,
                                          board)).increment()
                logging.warning('Failed to repair device: %s', e)
                errors.append(str(e))

        autotest_stats.Counter('Full_Repair_Failed').increment()
        if board:
            autotest_stats.Counter(
                'Full_Repair_Failed.%s' % board).increment()
        raise error.AutoservRepairTotalFailure(
                'All attempts at repairing the device failed:\n%s' %
                '\n'.join(errors))


    def try_collect_crashlogs(self, check_host_up=True):
        """
        Check if a host is up and logs need to be collected from the host,
        if yes, collect them.

        @param check_host_up: Flag for checking host is up. Default is True.
        """
        try:
            crash_job = self._need_crash_logs()
            if crash_job:
                logging.debug('%s: Job %s was crashed', self._CRASHLOGS_PREFIX,
                              crash_job)
                if not check_host_up or self.is_up(
                        self._CHECK_HOST_UP_TIMEOUT_SECS):
                    self._collect_crashlogs(crash_job)
                    logging.debug('%s: Completed collecting logs for the '
                                  'crashed job %s', self._CRASHLOGS_PREFIX,
                                  crash_job)
        except Exception as e:
            # Exception should not result in repair failure.
            # Therefore, suppress all exceptions here.
            logging.error('%s: Failed while trying to collect crash-logs: %s',
                          self._CRASHLOGS_PREFIX, e)


    def _need_crash_logs(self):
        """Get the value of need_crash_logs attribute of this host.

        @return: Value string of need_crash_logs attribute
                 None if there is no need_crash_logs attribute
        """
        attrs = self._AFE.get_host_attribute(constants.CRASHLOGS_HOST_ATTRIBUTE,
                                             hostname=self.hostname)
        assert len(attrs) < 2
        return attrs[0].value if attrs else None


    def _collect_crashlogs(self, job_id):
        """Grab logs from the host where a job was crashed.

        First, check if PRIOR_LOGS_DIR exists in the host.
        If yes, collect them.
        Otherwise, check if a lab-machine marker (_LAB_MACHINE_FILE) exists
        in the host.
        If yes, the host was repaired automatically, and we collect normal
        system logs.

        @param job_id: Id of the job that was crashed.
        """
        crashlogs_dir = crashcollect.get_crashinfo_dir(self,
                constants.CRASHLOGS_DEST_DIR_PREFIX)
        flag_prior_logs = False

        if self.path_exists(client_constants.PRIOR_LOGS_DIR):
            flag_prior_logs = True
            self._collect_prior_logs(crashlogs_dir)
        elif self.path_exists(self._LAB_MACHINE_FILE):
            self._collect_system_logs(crashlogs_dir)
        else:
            logging.warning('%s: Host was manually re-installed without '
                            '--lab_preserve_log option. Skip collecting '
                            'crash-logs.', self._CRASHLOGS_PREFIX)

        # We make crash collection be one-time effort.
        # _collect_prior_logs() and _collect_system_logs() will not throw
        # any exception, and following codes will be executed even when
        # those methods fail.
        # _collect_crashlogs() is called only when the host is up (refer
        # to try_collect_crashlogs()). We assume _collect_prior_logs() and
        # _collect_system_logs() fail rarely when the host is up.
        # In addition, it is not clear how many times we should try crash
        # collection again while not triggering next repair unnecessarily.
        # Threfore, we try crash collection one time.

        # Create a marker file as soon as log collection is done.
        # Leave the job id to this marker for gs_offloader to consume.
        marker_file = os.path.join(crashlogs_dir, constants.CRASHLOGS_MARKER)
        with open(marker_file, 'a') as f:
            f.write('%s\n' % job_id)

        # Remove need_crash_logs attribute
        logging.debug('%s: Remove attribute need_crash_logs from host %s',
                      self._CRASHLOGS_PREFIX, self.hostname)
        self._AFE.set_host_attribute(constants.CRASHLOGS_HOST_ATTRIBUTE,
                                     None, hostname=self.hostname)

        if flag_prior_logs:
            logging.debug('%s: Remove %s from host %s', self._CRASHLOGS_PREFIX,
                          client_constants.PRIOR_LOGS_DIR, self.hostname)
            self.run('rm -rf %s; sync' % client_constants.PRIOR_LOGS_DIR)
            # Wait for a few seconds to make sure the prior command is
            # done deep through storage.
            time.sleep(self._SAFE_WAIT_SECS)


    def _collect_prior_logs(self, crashlogs_dir):
        """Grab prior logs that were stashed before re-installing a host.

        @param crashlogs_dir: Directory path where crash-logs are stored.
        """
        logging.debug('%s: Found %s, collecting them...',
                      self._CRASHLOGS_PREFIX, client_constants.PRIOR_LOGS_DIR)
        try:
            self.collect_logs(client_constants.PRIOR_LOGS_DIR,
                              crashlogs_dir, False)
            logging.debug('%s: %s is collected',
                          self._CRASHLOGS_PREFIX, client_constants.PRIOR_LOGS_DIR)
        except Exception as e:
            logging.error('%s: Failed to collect %s: %s',
                          self._CRASHLOGS_PREFIX, client_constants.PRIOR_LOGS_DIR,
                          e)


    def _collect_system_logs(self, crashlogs_dir):
        """Grab normal system logs from a host.

        @param crashlogs_dir: Directory path where crash-logs are stored.
        """
        logging.debug('%s: Found %s, collecting system logs...',
                      self._CRASHLOGS_PREFIX, self._LAB_MACHINE_FILE)
        sources = server_utils.parse_simple_config(self._LOGS_TO_COLLECT_FILE)
        for src in sources:
            try:
                if self.path_exists(src):
                    logging.debug('%s: Collecting %s...',
                                  self._CRASHLOGS_PREFIX, src)
                    dest = server_utils.concat_path_except_last(
                            crashlogs_dir, src)
                    self.collect_logs(src, dest, False)
                    logging.debug('%s: %s is collected',
                                  self._CRASHLOGS_PREFIX, src)
            except Exception as e:
                logging.error('%s: Failed to collect %s: %s',
                              self._CRASHLOGS_PREFIX, src, e)


    def close(self):
        self.rpc_disconnect_all()
        super(CrosHost, self).close()


    def get_power_supply_info(self):
        """Get the output of power_supply_info.

        power_supply_info outputs the info of each power supply, e.g.,
        Device: Line Power
          online:                  no
          type:                    Mains
          voltage (V):             0
          current (A):             0
        Device: Battery
          state:                   Discharging
          percentage:              95.9276
          technology:              Li-ion

        Above output shows two devices, Line Power and Battery, with details of
        each device listed. This function parses the output into a dictionary,
        with key being the device name, and value being a dictionary of details
        of the device info.

        @return: The dictionary of power_supply_info, e.g.,
                 {'Line Power': {'online': 'yes', 'type': 'main'},
                  'Battery': {'vendor': 'xyz', 'percentage': '100'}}
        @raise error.AutoservRunError if power_supply_info tool is not found in
               the DUT. Caller should handle this error to avoid false failure
               on verification.
        """
        result = self.run('power_supply_info').stdout.strip()
        info = {}
        device_name = None
        device_info = {}
        for line in result.split('\n'):
            pair = [v.strip() for v in line.split(':')]
            if len(pair) != 2:
                continue
            if pair[0] == 'Device':
                if device_name:
                    info[device_name] = device_info
                device_name = pair[1]
                device_info = {}
            else:
                device_info[pair[0]] = pair[1]
        if device_name and not device_name in info:
            info[device_name] = device_info
        return info


    def get_battery_percentage(self):
        """Get the battery percentage.

        @return: The percentage of battery level, value range from 0-100. Return
                 None if the battery info cannot be retrieved.
        """
        try:
            info = self.get_power_supply_info()
            logging.info(info)
            return float(info['Battery']['percentage'])
        except (KeyError, ValueError, error.AutoservRunError):
            return None


    def is_ac_connected(self):
        """Check if the dut has power adapter connected and charging.

        @return: True if power adapter is connected and charging.
        """
        try:
            info = self.get_power_supply_info()
            return info['Line Power']['online'] == 'yes'
        except (KeyError, error.AutoservRunError):
            return None


    def _cleanup_poweron(self):
        """Special cleanup method to make sure hosts always get power back."""
        afe = frontend_wrappers.RetryingAFE(timeout_min=5, delay_sec=10)
        hosts = afe.get_hosts(hostname=self.hostname)
        if not hosts or not (self._RPM_OUTLET_CHANGED in
                             hosts[0].attributes):
            return
        logging.debug('This host has recently interacted with the RPM'
                      ' Infrastructure. Ensuring power is on.')
        try:
            self.power_on()
            afe.set_host_attribute(self._RPM_OUTLET_CHANGED, None,
                                   hostname=self.hostname)
        except rpm_client.RemotePowerException:
            logging.error('Failed to turn Power On for this host after '
                          'cleanup through the RPM Infrastructure.')
            autotest_es.post(
                    type_str='RPM_poweron_failure',
                    metadata={'hostname': self.hostname})

            battery_percentage = self.get_battery_percentage()
            if battery_percentage and battery_percentage < 50:
                raise
            elif self.is_ac_connected():
                logging.info('The device has power adapter connected and '
                             'charging. No need to try to turn RPM on '
                             'again.')
                afe.set_host_attribute(self._RPM_OUTLET_CHANGED, None,
                                       hostname=self.hostname)
            logging.info('Battery level is now at %s%%. The device may '
                         'still have enough power to run test, so no '
                         'exception will be raised.', battery_percentage)


    def _is_factory_image(self):
        """Checks if the image on the DUT is a factory image.

        @return: True if the image on the DUT is a factory image.
                 False otherwise.
        """
        result = self.run('[ -f /root/.factory_test ]', ignore_status=True)
        return result.exit_status == 0


    def _restart_ui(self):
        """Restart the Chrome UI.

        @raises: FactoryImageCheckerException for factory images, since
                 we cannot attempt to restart ui on them.
                 error.AutoservRunError for any other type of error that
                 occurs while restarting ui.
        """
        if self._is_factory_image():
            raise FactoryImageCheckerException('Cannot restart ui on factory '
                                               'images')

        # TODO(jrbarnette):  The command to stop/start the ui job
        # should live inside cros_ui, too.  However that would seem
        # to imply interface changes to the existing start()/restart()
        # functions, which is a bridge too far (for now).
        prompt = cros_ui.get_login_prompt_state(self)
        self.run('stop ui; start ui')
        cros_ui.wait_for_chrome_ready(prompt, self)


    def get_release_version(self):
        """Get the value of attribute CHROMEOS_RELEASE_VERSION from lsb-release.

        @returns The version string in lsb-release, under attribute
                 CHROMEOS_RELEASE_VERSION.
        """
        lsb_release_content = self.run(
                    'cat "%s"' % client_constants.LSB_RELEASE).stdout.strip()
        return lsbrelease_utils.get_chromeos_release_version(
                    lsb_release_content=lsb_release_content)


    def verify_cros_version_label(self):
        """ Make sure host's cros-version label match the actual image in dut.

        Remove any cros-version: label that doesn't match that installed in
        the dut.

        @param raise_error: Set to True to raise exception if any mismatch found

        @raise error.AutoservError: If any mismatch between cros-version label
                                    and the build installed in dut is found.
        """
        labels = self._AFE.get_labels(
                name__startswith=ds_constants.VERSION_PREFIX,
                host__hostname=self.hostname)
        mismatch_found = False
        if labels:
            # Get CHROMEOS_RELEASE_VERSION from lsb-release, e.g., 6908.0.0.
            # Note that it's different from cros-version label, which has
            # builder and branch info, e.g.,
            # cros-version:peppy-release/R43-6908.0.0
            release_version = self.get_release_version()
            host_list = [self.hostname]
            for label in labels:
                # Remove any cros-version label that does not match
                # release_version.
                build_version = label.name[len(ds_constants.VERSION_PREFIX):]
                if not utils.version_match(build_version, release_version):
                    logging.warn('cros-version label "%s" does not match '
                                 'release version %s. Removing the label.',
                                 label.name, release_version)
                    label.remove_hosts(hosts=host_list)
                    mismatch_found = True
        if mismatch_found:
            autotest_es.post(use_http=True,
                             type_str='cros_version_label_mismatch',
                             metadata={'hostname': self.hostname})
            raise error.AutoservError('The host has wrong cros-version label.')


    def cleanup(self):
        self.run('rm -f %s' % client_constants.CLEANUP_LOGS_PAUSED_FILE)
        try:
            self._restart_ui()
        except (error.AutotestRunError, error.AutoservRunError,
                FactoryImageCheckerException):
            logging.warning('Unable to restart ui, rebooting device.')
            # Since restarting the UI fails fall back to normal Autotest
            # cleanup routines, i.e. reboot the machine.
            super(CrosHost, self).cleanup()
        # Check if the rpm outlet was manipulated.
        if self.has_power():
            self._cleanup_poweron()
        self.verify_cros_version_label()


    def reboot(self, **dargs):
        """
        This function reboots the site host. The more generic
        RemoteHost.reboot() performs sync and sleeps for 5
        seconds. This is not necessary for Chrome OS devices as the
        sync should be finished in a short time during the reboot
        command.
        """
        if 'reboot_cmd' not in dargs:
            reboot_timeout = dargs.get('reboot_timeout', 10)
            dargs['reboot_cmd'] = ('((reboot & sleep %d; reboot -f &)'
                                   ' </dev/null >/dev/null 2>&1 &)' %
                                   reboot_timeout)
        # Enable fastsync to avoid running extra sync commands before reboot.
        if 'fastsync' not in dargs:
            dargs['fastsync'] = True

        # For purposes of logging reboot times:
        # Get the board name i.e. 'daisy_spring'
        board_fullname = self.get_board()

        # Strip the prefix and add it to dargs.
        dargs['board'] = board_fullname[board_fullname.find(':')+1:]
        super(CrosHost, self).reboot(**dargs)


    def suspend(self, **dargs):
        """
        This function suspends the site host.
        """
        suspend_time = dargs.get('suspend_time', 60)
        dargs['timeout'] = suspend_time
        if 'suspend_cmd' not in dargs:
            cmd = ' && '.join(['echo 0 > /sys/class/rtc/rtc0/wakealarm',
                'echo +%d > /sys/class/rtc/rtc0/wakealarm' % suspend_time,
                'powerd_dbus_suspend --delay=0 &'])
            dargs['suspend_cmd'] = ('(( %s )'
                '< /dev/null >/dev/null 2>&1 &)' % cmd)
        super(CrosHost, self).suspend(**dargs)


    def upstart_status(self, service_name):
        """Check the status of an upstart init script.

        @param service_name: Service to look up.

        @returns True if the service is running, False otherwise.
        """
        return self.run('status %s | grep start/running' %
                        service_name).stdout.strip() != ''


    def verify_software(self):
        """Verify working software on a Chrome OS system.

        Tests for the following conditions:
         1. All conditions tested by the parent version of this
            function.
         2. Sufficient space in /mnt/stateful_partition.
         3. Sufficient space in /mnt/stateful_partition/encrypted.
         4. update_engine answers a simple status request over DBus.

        """
        # Check if a job was crashed on this host.
        # If yes, avoid verification until crash-logs are collected.
        if self._need_crash_logs():
            raise error.AutoservCrashLogCollectRequired(
                    'Need to collect crash-logs before verification')

        super(CrosHost, self).verify_software()
        self.check_inodes(
            '/mnt/stateful_partition',
            global_config.global_config.get_config_value(
                'SERVER', 'kilo_inodes_required', type=int,
                default=100))
        self.check_diskspace(
            '/mnt/stateful_partition',
            global_config.global_config.get_config_value(
                'SERVER', 'gb_diskspace_required', type=float,
                default=20.0))
        encrypted_stateful_path = '/mnt/stateful_partition/encrypted'
        # Not all targets build with encrypted stateful support.
        if self.path_exists(encrypted_stateful_path):
            self.check_diskspace(
                encrypted_stateful_path,
                global_config.global_config.get_config_value(
                    'SERVER', 'gb_encrypted_diskspace_required', type=float,
                    default=0.1))

        if not self.upstart_status('system-services'):
            raise error.AutoservError('Chrome failed to reach login. '
                                      'System services not running.')

        # Factory images don't run update engine,
        # goofy controls dbus on these DUTs.
        if not self._is_factory_image():
            self.run('update_engine_client --status')
        # Makes sure python is present, loads and can use built in functions.
        # We have seen cases where importing cPickle fails with undefined
        # symbols in cPickle.so.
        self.run('python -c "import cPickle"')

        self.verify_cros_version_label()


    def verify_hardware(self):
        """Verify hardware system of a Chrome OS system.

        Check following hardware conditions:
        1. Battery level.
        2. Is power adapter connected.
        """
        logging.info('Battery percentage: %s', self.get_battery_percentage())
        if self.is_ac_connected() is None:
            logging.info('Can not determine if the device has power adapter '
                         'connected.')
        else:
            logging.info('Device %s power adapter connected and charging.',
                         'has' if self.is_ac_connected() else 'does not have')


    def make_ssh_command(self, user='root', port=22, opts='', hosts_file=None,
                         connect_timeout=None, alive_interval=None):
        """Override default make_ssh_command to use options tuned for Chrome OS.

        Tuning changes:
          - ConnectTimeout=30; maximum of 30 seconds allowed for an SSH
          connection failure.  Consistency with remote_access.sh.

          - ServerAliveInterval=180; which causes SSH to ping connection every
          180 seconds. In conjunction with ServerAliveCountMax ensures
          that if the connection dies, Autotest will bail out quickly.
          Originally tried 60 secs, but saw frequent job ABORTS where
          the test completed successfully.

          - ServerAliveCountMax=3; consistency with remote_access.sh.

          - ConnectAttempts=4; reduce flakiness in connection errors;
          consistency with remote_access.sh.

          - UserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null; we don't care about the keys.
          Host keys change with every new installation, don't waste
          memory/space saving them.

          - SSH protocol forced to 2; needed for ServerAliveInterval.

        @param user User name to use for the ssh connection.
        @param port Port on the target host to use for ssh connection.
        @param opts Additional options to the ssh command.
        @param hosts_file Ignored.
        @param connect_timeout Ignored.
        @param alive_interval Ignored.
        """
        base_command = ('/usr/bin/ssh -a -x %s %s %s'
                        ' -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no'
                        ' -o UserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null -o BatchMode=yes'
                        ' -o ConnectTimeout=30 -o ServerAliveInterval=180'
                        ' -o ServerAliveCountMax=3 -o ConnectionAttempts=4'
                        ' -o Protocol=2 -l %s -p %d')
        return base_command % (self._ssh_verbosity_flag, self._ssh_options,
                               opts, user, port)


    def _create_ssh_tunnel(self, port, local_port):
        """Create an ssh tunnel from local_port to port.

        @param port: remote port on the host.
        @param local_port: local forwarding port.

        @return: the tunnel process.
        """
        # Chrome OS on the target closes down most external ports
        # for security.  We could open the port, but doing that
        # would conflict with security tests that check that only
        # expected ports are open.  So, to get to the port on the
        # target we use an ssh tunnel.
        tunnel_options = '-n -N -q -L %d:localhost:%d' % (local_port, port)
        ssh_cmd = self.make_ssh_command(opts=tunnel_options)
        tunnel_cmd = '%s %s' % (ssh_cmd, self.hostname)
        logging.debug('Full tunnel command: %s', tunnel_cmd)
        tunnel_proc = subprocess.Popen(tunnel_cmd, shell=True, close_fds=True)
        logging.debug('Started ssh tunnel, local = %d'
                      ' remote = %d, pid = %d',
                      local_port, port, tunnel_proc.pid)
        return tunnel_proc


    def _setup_rpc(self, port, command_name, remote_pid=None):
        """Sets up a tunnel process and performs rpc connection book keeping.

        This method assumes that xmlrpc and jsonrpc never conflict, since
        we can only either have an xmlrpc or a jsonrpc server listening on
        a remote port. As such, it enforces a single proxy->remote port
        policy, i.e if one starts a jsonrpc proxy/server from port A->B,
        and then tries to start an xmlrpc proxy forwarded to the same port,
        the xmlrpc proxy will override the jsonrpc tunnel process, however:

        1. None of the methods on the xmlrpc proxy will work because
        the server listening on B is jsonrpc.

        2. The xmlrpc client cannot initiate a termination of the JsonRPC
        server, as the only use case currently is goofy, which is tied to
        the factory image. It is much easier to handle a failed xmlrpc
        call on the client than it is to terminate goofy in this scenario,
        as doing the latter might leave the DUT in a hard to recover state.

        With the current implementation newer rpc proxy connections will
        terminate the tunnel processes of older rpc connections tunneling
        to the same remote port. If methods are invoked on the client
        after this has happened they will fail with connection closed errors.

        @param port: The remote forwarding port.
        @param command_name: The name of the remote process, to terminate
                              using pkill.

        @return A url that we can use to initiate the rpc connection.
        """
        self.rpc_disconnect(port)
        local_port = utils.get_unused_port()
        tunnel_proc = self._create_ssh_tunnel(port, local_port)
        self._rpc_proxy_map[port] = (command_name, tunnel_proc, remote_pid)
        return self._RPC_PROXY_URL % local_port


    def xmlrpc_connect(self, command, port, command_name=None,
                       ready_test_name=None, timeout_seconds=10,
                       logfile='/dev/null'):
        """Connect to an XMLRPC server on the host.

        The `command` argument should be a simple shell command that
        starts an XMLRPC server on the given `port`.  The command
        must not daemonize, and must terminate cleanly on SIGTERM.
        The command is started in the background on the host, and a
        local XMLRPC client for the server is created and returned
        to the caller.

        Note that the process of creating an XMLRPC client makes no
        attempt to connect to the remote server; the caller is
        responsible for determining whether the server is running
        correctly, and is ready to serve requests.

        Optionally, the caller can pass ready_test_name, a string
        containing the name of a method to call on the proxy.  This
        method should take no parameters and return successfully only
        when the server is ready to process client requests.  When
        ready_test_name is set, xmlrpc_connect will block until the
        proxy is ready, and throw a TestError if the server isn't
        ready by timeout_seconds.

        If a server is already running on the remote port, this
        method will kill it and disconnect the tunnel process
        associated with the connection before establishing a new one,
        by consulting the rpc_proxy_map in rpc_disconnect.

        @param command Shell command to start the server.
        @param port Port number on which the server is expected to
                    be serving.
        @param command_name String to use as input to `pkill` to
            terminate the XMLRPC server on the host.
        @param ready_test_name String containing the name of a
            method defined on the XMLRPC server.
        @param timeout_seconds Number of seconds to wait
            for the server to become 'ready.'  Will throw a
            TestFail error if server is not ready in time.
        @param logfile Logfile to send output when running
            'command' argument.

        """
        # Clean up any existing state.  If the caller is willing
        # to believe their server is down, we ought to clean up
        # any tunnels we might have sitting around.
        self.rpc_disconnect(port)
        # Start the server on the host.  Redirection in the command
        # below is necessary, because 'ssh' won't terminate until
        # background child processes close stdin, stdout, and
        # stderr.
        remote_cmd = '%s </dev/null >%s 2>&1 & echo $!' % (command, logfile)
        remote_pid = self.run(remote_cmd).stdout.rstrip('\n')
        logging.debug('Started XMLRPC server on host %s, pid = %s',
                      self.hostname, remote_pid)

        # Tunnel through SSH to be able to reach that remote port.
        rpc_url = self._setup_rpc(port, command_name, remote_pid=remote_pid)
        proxy = xmlrpclib.ServerProxy(rpc_url, allow_none=True)

        if ready_test_name is not None:
            # retry.retry logs each attempt; calculate delay_sec to
            # keep log spam to a dull roar.
            @retry.retry((socket.error,
                          xmlrpclib.ProtocolError,
                          httplib.BadStatusLine),
                         timeout_min=timeout_seconds / 60.0,
                         delay_sec=min(max(timeout_seconds / 20.0, 0.1), 1))
            def ready_test():
                """ Call proxy.ready_test_name(). """
                getattr(proxy, ready_test_name)()
            successful = False
            try:
                logging.info('Waiting %d seconds for XMLRPC server '
                             'to start.', timeout_seconds)
                ready_test()
                successful = True
            finally:
                if not successful:
                    logging.error('Failed to start XMLRPC server.')
                    self.rpc_disconnect(port)
        logging.info('XMLRPC server started successfully.')
        return proxy


    def syslog(self, message, tag='autotest'):
        """Logs a message to syslog on host.

        @param message String message to log into syslog
        @param tag String tag prefix for syslog

        """
        self.run('logger -t "%s" "%s"' % (tag, message))


    def jsonrpc_connect(self, port):
        """Creates a jsonrpc proxy connection through an ssh tunnel.

        This method exists to facilitate communication with goofy (which is
        the default system manager on all factory images) and as such, leaves
        most of the rpc server sanity checking to the caller. Unlike
        xmlrpc_connect, this method does not facilitate the creation of a remote
        jsonrpc server, as the only clients of this code are factory tests,
        for which the goofy system manager is built in to the image and starts
        when the target boots.

        One can theoretically create multiple jsonrpc proxies all forwarded
        to the same remote port, provided the remote port has an rpc server
        listening. However, in doing so we stand the risk of leaking an
        existing tunnel process, so we always disconnect any older tunnels
        we might have through rpc_disconnect.

        @param port: port on the remote host that is serving this proxy.

        @return: The client proxy.
        """
        if not jsonrpclib:
            logging.warning('Jsonrpclib could not be imported. Check that '
                            'site-packages contains jsonrpclib.')
            return None

        proxy = jsonrpclib.jsonrpc.ServerProxy(self._setup_rpc(port, None))

        logging.info('Established a jsonrpc connection through port %s.', port)
        return proxy


    def rpc_disconnect(self, port):
        """Disconnect from an RPC server on the host.

        Terminates the remote RPC server previously started for
        the given `port`.  Also closes the local ssh tunnel created
        for the connection to the host.  This function does not
        directly alter the state of a previously returned RPC
        client object; however disconnection will cause all
        subsequent calls to methods on the object to fail.

        This function does nothing if requested to disconnect a port
        that was not previously connected via _setup_rpc.

        @param port Port number passed to a previous call to
                    `_setup_rpc()`.
        """
        if port not in self._rpc_proxy_map:
            return
        remote_name, tunnel_proc, remote_pid = self._rpc_proxy_map[port]
        if remote_name:
            # We use 'pkill' to find our target process rather than
            # a PID, because the host may have rebooted since
            # connecting, and we don't want to kill an innocent
            # process with the same PID.
            #
            # 'pkill' helpfully exits with status 1 if no target
            # process  is found, for which run() will throw an
            # exception.  We don't want that, so we the ignore
            # status.
            self.run("pkill -f '%s'" % remote_name, ignore_status=True)
            if remote_pid:
                logging.info('Waiting for RPC server "%s" shutdown',
                             remote_name)
                start_time = time.time()
                while (time.time() - start_time <
                       self._RPC_SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT_SECONDS):
                    running_processes = self.run(
                            "pgrep -f '%s'" % remote_name,
                            ignore_status=True).stdout.split()
                    if not remote_pid in running_processes:
                        logging.info('Shut down RPC server.')
                        break
                    time.sleep(self._RPC_SHUTDOWN_POLLING_PERIOD_SECONDS)
                else:
                    raise error.TestError('Failed to shutdown RPC server %s' %
                                          remote_name)

        if tunnel_proc.poll() is None:
            tunnel_proc.terminate()
            logging.debug('Terminated tunnel, pid %d', tunnel_proc.pid)
        else:
            logging.debug('Tunnel pid %d terminated early, status %d',
                          tunnel_proc.pid, tunnel_proc.returncode)
        del self._rpc_proxy_map[port]


    def rpc_disconnect_all(self):
        """Disconnect all known RPC proxy ports."""
        for port in self._rpc_proxy_map.keys():
            self.rpc_disconnect(port)


    def poor_mans_rpc(self, fun):
        """
        Calls a function from client utils on the host and returns a string.

        @param fun function in client utils namespace.
        @return output string from calling fun.
        """
        script = 'cd %s/bin; ' % autotest.Autotest.get_installed_autodir(self)
        script += 'python -c "import common; import utils;'
        script += 'print utils.%s"' % fun
        return script


    def _ping_check_status(self, status):
        """Ping the host once, and return whether it has a given status.

        @param status Check the ping status against this value.
        @return True iff `status` and the result of ping are the same
                (i.e. both True or both False).

        """
        ping_val = utils.ping(self.hostname, tries=1, deadline=1)
        return not (status ^ (ping_val == 0))

    def _ping_wait_for_status(self, status, timeout):
        """Wait for the host to have a given status (UP or DOWN).

        Status is checked by polling.  Polling will not last longer
        than the number of seconds in `timeout`.  The polling
        interval will be long enough that only approximately
        _PING_WAIT_COUNT polling cycles will be executed, subject
        to a maximum interval of about one minute.

        @param status Waiting will stop immediately if `ping` of the
                      host returns this status.
        @param timeout Poll for at most this many seconds.
        @return True iff the host status from `ping` matched the
                requested status at the time of return.

        """
        # _ping_check_status() takes about 1 second, hence the
        # "- 1" in the formula below.
        poll_interval = min(int(timeout / self._PING_WAIT_COUNT), 60) - 1
        end_time = time.time() + timeout
        while time.time() <= end_time:
            if self._ping_check_status(status):
                return True
            if poll_interval > 0:
                time.sleep(poll_interval)

        # The last thing we did was sleep(poll_interval), so it may
        # have been too long since the last `ping`.  Check one more
        # time, just to be sure.
        return self._ping_check_status(status)

    def ping_wait_up(self, timeout):
        """Wait for the host to respond to `ping`.

        N.B.  This method is not a reliable substitute for
        `wait_up()`, because a host that responds to ping will not
        necessarily respond to ssh.  This method should only be used
        if the target DUT can be considered functional even if it
        can't be reached via ssh.

        @param timeout Minimum time to allow before declaring the
                       host to be non-responsive.
        @return True iff the host answered to ping before the timeout.

        """
        return self._ping_wait_for_status(self._PING_STATUS_UP, timeout)

    def ping_wait_down(self, timeout):
        """Wait until the host no longer responds to `ping`.

        This function can be used as a slightly faster version of
        `wait_down()`, by avoiding potentially long ssh timeouts.

        @param timeout Minimum time to allow for the host to become
                       non-responsive.
        @return True iff the host quit answering ping before the
                timeout.

        """
        return self._ping_wait_for_status(self._PING_STATUS_DOWN, timeout)

    def test_wait_for_sleep(self, sleep_timeout=None):
        """Wait for the client to enter low-power sleep mode.

        The test for "is asleep" can't distinguish a system that is
        powered off; to confirm that the unit was asleep, it is
        necessary to force resume, and then call
        `test_wait_for_resume()`.

        This function is expected to be called from a test as part
        of a sequence like the following:

        ~~~~~~~~
            boot_id = host.get_boot_id()
            # trigger sleep on the host
            host.test_wait_for_sleep()
            # trigger resume on the host
            host.test_wait_for_resume(boot_id)
        ~~~~~~~~

        @param sleep_timeout time limit in seconds to allow the host sleep.

        @exception TestFail The host did not go to sleep within
                            the allowed time.
        """
        if sleep_timeout is None:
            sleep_timeout = self.SLEEP_TIMEOUT

        if not self.ping_wait_down(timeout=sleep_timeout):
            raise error.TestFail(
                'client failed to sleep after %d seconds' % sleep_timeout)


    def test_wait_for_resume(self, old_boot_id, resume_timeout=None):
        """Wait for the client to resume from low-power sleep mode.

        The `old_boot_id` parameter should be the value from
        `get_boot_id()` obtained prior to entering sleep mode.  A
        `TestFail` exception is raised if the boot id changes.

        See @ref test_wait_for_sleep for more on this function's
        usage.

        @param old_boot_id A boot id value obtained before the
                               target host went to sleep.
        @param resume_timeout time limit in seconds to allow the host up.

        @exception TestFail The host did not respond within the
                            allowed time.
        @exception TestFail The host responded, but the boot id test
                            indicated a reboot rather than a sleep
                            cycle.
        """
        if resume_timeout is None:
            resume_timeout = self.RESUME_TIMEOUT

        if not self.wait_up(timeout=resume_timeout):
            raise error.TestFail(
                'client failed to resume from sleep after %d seconds' %
                    resume_timeout)
        else:
            new_boot_id = self.get_boot_id()
            if new_boot_id != old_boot_id:
                logging.error('client rebooted (old boot %s, new boot %s)',
                              old_boot_id, new_boot_id)
                raise error.TestFail(
                    'client rebooted, but sleep was expected')


    def test_wait_for_shutdown(self, shutdown_timeout=None):
        """Wait for the client to shut down.

        The test for "has shut down" can't distinguish a system that
        is merely asleep; to confirm that the unit was down, it is
        necessary to force boot, and then call test_wait_for_boot().

        This function is expected to be called from a test as part
        of a sequence like the following:

        ~~~~~~~~
            boot_id = host.get_boot_id()
            # trigger shutdown on the host
            host.test_wait_for_shutdown()
            # trigger boot on the host
            host.test_wait_for_boot(boot_id)
        ~~~~~~~~

        @param shutdown_timeout time limit in seconds to allow the host down.
        @exception TestFail The host did not shut down within the
                            allowed time.
        """
        if shutdown_timeout is None:
            shutdown_timeout = self.SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT

        if not self.ping_wait_down(timeout=shutdown_timeout):
            raise error.TestFail(
                'client failed to shut down after %d seconds' %
                    shutdown_timeout)


    def test_wait_for_boot(self, old_boot_id=None):
        """Wait for the client to boot from cold power.

        The `old_boot_id` parameter should be the value from
        `get_boot_id()` obtained prior to shutting down.  A
        `TestFail` exception is raised if the boot id does not
        change.  The boot id test is omitted if `old_boot_id` is not
        specified.

        See @ref test_wait_for_shutdown for more on this function's
        usage.

        @param old_boot_id A boot id value obtained before the
                               shut down.

        @exception TestFail The host did not respond within the
                            allowed time.
        @exception TestFail The host responded, but the boot id test
                            indicated that there was no reboot.
        """
        if not self.wait_up(timeout=self.REBOOT_TIMEOUT):
            raise error.TestFail(
                'client failed to reboot after %d seconds' %
                    self.REBOOT_TIMEOUT)
        elif old_boot_id:
            if self.get_boot_id() == old_boot_id:
                logging.error('client not rebooted (boot %s)',
                              old_boot_id)
                raise error.TestFail(
                    'client is back up, but did not reboot')


    @staticmethod
    def check_for_rpm_support(hostname):
        """For a given hostname, return whether or not it is powered by an RPM.

        @param hostname: hostname to check for rpm support.

        @return None if this host does not follows the defined naming format
                for RPM powered DUT's in the lab. If it does follow the format,
                it returns a regular expression MatchObject instead.
        """
        return re.match(CrosHost._RPM_HOSTNAME_REGEX, hostname)


    def has_power(self):
        """For this host, return whether or not it is powered by an RPM.

        @return True if this host is in the CROS lab and follows the defined
                naming format.
        """
        return CrosHost.check_for_rpm_support(self.hostname)


    def _set_power(self, state, power_method):
        """Sets the power to the host via RPM, Servo or manual.

        @param state Specifies which power state to set to DUT
        @param power_method Specifies which method of power control to
                            use. By default "RPM" will be used. Valid values
                            are the strings "RPM", "manual", "servoj10".

        """
        ACCEPTABLE_STATES = ['ON', 'OFF']

        if state.upper() not in ACCEPTABLE_STATES:
            raise error.TestError('State must be one of: %s.'
                                   % (ACCEPTABLE_STATES,))

        if power_method == self.POWER_CONTROL_SERVO:
            logging.info('Setting servo port J10 to %s', state)
            self.servo.set('prtctl3_pwren', state.lower())
            time.sleep(self._USB_POWER_TIMEOUT)
        elif power_method == self.POWER_CONTROL_MANUAL:
            logging.info('You have %d seconds to set the AC power to %s.',
                         self._POWER_CYCLE_TIMEOUT, state)
            time.sleep(self._POWER_CYCLE_TIMEOUT)
        else:
            if not self.has_power():
                raise error.TestFail('DUT does not have RPM connected.')
            afe = frontend_wrappers.RetryingAFE(timeout_min=5, delay_sec=10)
            afe.set_host_attribute(self._RPM_OUTLET_CHANGED, True,
                                   hostname=self.hostname)
            rpm_client.set_power(self.hostname, state.upper(), timeout_mins=5)


    def power_off(self, power_method=POWER_CONTROL_RPM):
        """Turn off power to this host via RPM, Servo or manual.

        @param power_method Specifies which method of power control to
                            use. By default "RPM" will be used. Valid values
                            are the strings "RPM", "manual", "servoj10".

        """
        self._set_power('OFF', power_method)


    def power_on(self, power_method=POWER_CONTROL_RPM):
        """Turn on power to this host via RPM, Servo or manual.

        @param power_method Specifies which method of power control to
                            use. By default "RPM" will be used. Valid values
                            are the strings "RPM", "manual", "servoj10".

        """
        self._set_power('ON', power_method)


    def power_cycle(self, power_method=POWER_CONTROL_RPM):
        """Cycle power to this host by turning it OFF, then ON.

        @param power_method Specifies which method of power control to
                            use. By default "RPM" will be used. Valid values
                            are the strings "RPM", "manual", "servoj10".

        """
        if power_method in (self.POWER_CONTROL_SERVO,
                            self.POWER_CONTROL_MANUAL):
            self.power_off(power_method=power_method)
            time.sleep(self._POWER_CYCLE_TIMEOUT)
            self.power_on(power_method=power_method)
        else:
            rpm_client.set_power(self.hostname, 'CYCLE')


    def get_platform(self):
        """Determine the correct platform label for this host.

        @returns a string representing this host's platform.
        """
        crossystem = utils.Crossystem(self)
        crossystem.init()
        # Extract fwid value and use the leading part as the platform id.
        # fwid generally follow the format of {platform}.{firmware version}
        # Example: Alex.X.YYY.Z or Google_Alex.X.YYY.Z
        platform = crossystem.fwid().split('.')[0].lower()
        # Newer platforms start with 'Google_' while the older ones do not.
        return platform.replace('google_', '')


    def get_architecture(self):
        """Determine the correct architecture label for this host.

        @returns a string representing this host's architecture.
        """
        crossystem = utils.Crossystem(self)
        crossystem.init()
        return crossystem.arch()


    def get_chrome_version(self):
        """Gets the Chrome version number and milestone as strings.

        Invokes "chrome --version" to get the version number and milestone.

        @return A tuple (chrome_ver, milestone) where "chrome_ver" is the
            current Chrome version number as a string (in the form "W.X.Y.Z")
            and "milestone" is the first component of the version number
            (the "W" from "W.X.Y.Z").  If the version number cannot be parsed
            in the "W.X.Y.Z" format, the "chrome_ver" will be the full output
            of "chrome --version" and the milestone will be the empty string.

        """
        version_string = self.run(client_constants.CHROME_VERSION_COMMAND).stdout
        return utils.parse_chrome_version(version_string)

    @label_decorator()
    def get_board(self):
        """Determine the correct board label for this host.

        @returns a string representing this host's board.
        """
        release_info = utils.parse_cmd_output('cat /etc/lsb-release',
                                              run_method=self.run)
        board = release_info['CHROMEOS_RELEASE_BOARD']
        # Devices in the lab generally have the correct board name but our own
        # development devices have {board_name}-signed-{key_type}. The board
        # name may also begin with 'x86-' which we need to keep.
        board_format_string = ds_constants.BOARD_PREFIX + '%s'
        if 'x86' not in board:
            return board_format_string % board.split('-')[0]
        return board_format_string % '-'.join(board.split('-')[0:2])


    @label_decorator('board_freq_mem')
    def get_board_with_frequency_and_memory(self):
        """
        Determines the board name with frequency and memory.

        @returns a more detailed string representing the board. Examples are
        butterfly_1.1GHz_2GB, link_1.8GHz_4GB, x86-zgb_1.7GHz_2GB
        """
        board = self.run(self.poor_mans_rpc(
                         'get_board_with_frequency_and_memory()')).stdout
        return 'board_freq_mem:%s' % str.strip(board)


    @label_decorator('lightsensor')
    def has_lightsensor(self):
        """Determine the correct board label for this host.

        @returns the string 'lightsensor' if this host has a lightsensor or
                 None if it does not.
        """
        search_cmd = "find -L %s -maxdepth 4 | egrep '%s'" % (
            self._LIGHTSENSOR_SEARCH_DIR, '|'.join(self._LIGHTSENSOR_FILES))
        try:
            # Run the search cmd following the symlinks. Stderr_tee is set to
            # None as there can be a symlink loop, but the command will still
            # execute correctly with a few messages printed to stderr.
            self.run(search_cmd, stdout_tee=None, stderr_tee=None)
            return 'lightsensor'
        except error.AutoservRunError:
            # egrep exited with a return code of 1 meaning none of the possible
            # lightsensor files existed.
            return None


    @label_decorator('bluetooth')
    def has_bluetooth(self):
        """Determine the correct board label for this host.

        @returns the string 'bluetooth' if this host has bluetooth or
                 None if it does not.
        """
        try:
            self.run('test -d /sys/class/bluetooth/hci0')
            # test exited with a return code of 0.
            return 'bluetooth'
        except error.AutoservRunError:
            # test exited with a return code 1 meaning the directory did not
            # exist.
            return None


    @label_decorator('gpu_family')
    def get_gpu_family(self):
        """
        Determine GPU family.

        @returns a string representing the gpu family. Examples are mali, tegra,
        pinetrail, sandybridge, ivybridge, haswell and baytrail.
        """
        gpu_family = self.run(self.poor_mans_rpc('get_gpu_family()')).stdout
        return 'gpu_family:%s' % str.strip(gpu_family)


    @label_decorator('graphics')
    def get_graphics(self):
        """
        Determine the correct board label for this host.

        @returns a string representing this host's graphics. For now ARM boards
        return graphics:gles while all other boards return graphics:gl. This
        may change over time, but for robustness reasons this should avoid
        executing code in actual graphics libraries (which may not be ready and
        is tested by graphics_GLAPICheck).
        """
        uname = self.run('uname -a').stdout.lower()
        if 'arm' in uname:
            return 'graphics:gles'
        return 'graphics:gl'


    @label_decorator('ec')
    def get_ec(self):
        """
        Determine the type of EC on this host.

        @returns a string representing this host's embedded controller type.
        At present, it only returns "ec:cros", for Chrome OS ECs. Other types
        of EC (or none) don't return any strings, since no tests depend on
        those.
        """
        cmd = 'mosys ec info'
        # The output should look like these, so that the last field should
        # match our EC version scheme:
        #
        #   stm | stm32f100 | snow_v1.3.139-375eb9f
        #   ti | Unknown-10de | peppy_v1.5.114-5d52788
        #
        # Non-Chrome OS ECs will look like these:
        #
        #   ENE | KB932 | 00BE107A00
        #   ite | it8518 | 3.08
        #
        # And some systems don't have ECs at all (Lumpy, for example).
        regexp = r'^.*\|\s*(\S+_v\d+\.\d+\.\d+-[0-9a-f]+)\s*$'

        ecinfo = self.run(command=cmd, ignore_status=True)
        if ecinfo.exit_status == 0:
            res = re.search(regexp, ecinfo.stdout)
            if res:
                logging.info("EC version is %s", res.groups()[0])
                return 'ec:cros'
            logging.info("%s got: %s", cmd, ecinfo.stdout)
            # Has an EC, but it's not a Chrome OS EC
            return None
        logging.info("%s exited with status %d", cmd, ecinfo.exit_status)
        # No EC present
        return None


    @label_decorator('accels')
    def get_accels(self):
        """
        Determine the type of accelerometers on this host.

        @returns a string representing this host's accelerometer type.
        At present, it only returns "accel:cros-ec", for accelerometers
        attached to a Chrome OS EC, or none, if no accelerometers.
        """
        # Check to make sure we have ectool
        rv = self.run('which ectool', ignore_status=True)
        if rv.exit_status:
            logging.info("No ectool cmd found, assuming no EC accelerometers")
            return None

        # Check that the EC supports the motionsense command
        rv = self.run('ectool motionsense', ignore_status=True)
        if rv.exit_status:
            logging.info("EC does not support motionsense command "
                         "assuming no EC accelerometers")
            return None

        # Check that EC motion sensors are active
        active = self.run('ectool motionsense active').stdout.split('\n')
        if active[0] == "0":
            logging.info("Motion sense inactive, assuming no EC accelerometers")
            return None

        logging.info("EC accelerometers found")
        return 'accel:cros-ec'


    @label_decorator('chameleon')
    def has_chameleon(self):
        """Determine if a Chameleon connected to this host.

        @returns a list containing two strings ('chameleon' and
                 'chameleon:' + label, e.g. 'chameleon:hdmi') if this host
                 has a Chameleon or None if it has not.
        """
        if self._chameleon_host:
            return ['chameleon', 'chameleon:' + self.chameleon.get_label()]
        else:
            return None


    @label_decorator('audio_loopback_dongle')
    def has_loopback_dongle(self):
        """Determine if an audio loopback dongle is plugged to this host.

        @returns 'audio_loopback_dongle' when there is an audio loopback dongle
                                         plugged to this host.
                 None                    when there is no audio loopback dongle
                                         plugged to this host.
        """
        server_info = self.run(command='cras_test_client --dump_s',
                               ignore_status=True).stdout
        if (cras_utils.node_type_is_plugged('HEADPHONE', server_info) and
            cras_utils.node_type_is_plugged('MIC', server_info)):
                return 'audio_loopback_dongle'
        else:
                return None


    @label_decorator('power_supply')
    def get_power_supply(self):
        """
        Determine what type of power supply the host has

        @returns a string representing this host's power supply.
                 'power:battery' when the device has a battery intended for
                        extended use
                 'power:AC_primary' when the device has a battery not intended
                        for extended use (for moving the machine, etc)
                 'power:AC_only' when the device has no battery at all.
        """
        psu = self.run(command='mosys psu type', ignore_status=True)
        if psu.exit_status:
            # The psu command for mosys is not included for all platforms. The
            # assumption is that the device will have a battery if the command
            # is not found.
            return 'power:battery'

        psu_str = psu.stdout.strip()
        if psu_str == 'unknown':
            return None

        return 'power:%s' % psu_str


    @label_decorator('storage')
    def get_storage(self):
        """
        Determine the type of boot device for this host.

        Determine if the internal device is SCSI or dw_mmc device.
        Then check that it is SSD or HDD or eMMC or something else.

        @returns a string representing this host's internal device type.
                 'storage:ssd' when internal device is solid state drive
                 'storage:hdd' when internal device is hard disk drive
                 'storage:mmc' when internal device is mmc drive
                 None          When internal device is something else or
                               when we are unable to determine the type
        """
        # The output should be /dev/mmcblk* for SD/eMMC or /dev/sd* for scsi
        rootdev_cmd = ' '.join(['. /usr/sbin/write_gpt.sh;',
                                '. /usr/share/misc/chromeos-common.sh;',
                                'load_base_vars;',
                                'get_fixed_dst_drive'])
        rootdev = self.run(command=rootdev_cmd, ignore_status=True)
        if rootdev.exit_status:
            logging.info("Fail to run %s", rootdev_cmd)
            return None
        rootdev_str = rootdev.stdout.strip()

        if not rootdev_str:
            return None

        rootdev_base = os.path.basename(rootdev_str)

        mmc_pattern = '/dev/mmcblk[0-9]'
        if re.match(mmc_pattern, rootdev_str):
            # Use type to determine if the internal device is eMMC or somthing
            # else. We can assume that MMC is always an internal device.
            type_cmd = 'cat /sys/block/%s/device/type' % rootdev_base
            type = self.run(command=type_cmd, ignore_status=True)
            if type.exit_status:
                logging.info("Fail to run %s", type_cmd)
                return None
            type_str = type.stdout.strip()

            if type_str == 'MMC':
                return 'storage:mmc'

        scsi_pattern = '/dev/sd[a-z]+'
        if re.match(scsi_pattern, rootdev.stdout):
            # Read symlink for /sys/block/sd* to determine if the internal
            # device is connected via ata or usb.
            link_cmd = 'readlink /sys/block/%s' % rootdev_base
            link = self.run(command=link_cmd, ignore_status=True)
            if link.exit_status:
                logging.info("Fail to run %s", link_cmd)
                return None
            link_str = link.stdout.strip()
            if 'usb' in link_str:
                return None

            # Read rotation to determine if the internal device is ssd or hdd.
            rotate_cmd = str('cat /sys/block/%s/queue/rotational'
                              % rootdev_base)
            rotate = self.run(command=rotate_cmd, ignore_status=True)
            if rotate.exit_status:
                logging.info("Fail to run %s", rotate_cmd)
                return None
            rotate_str = rotate.stdout.strip()

            rotate_dict = {'0':'storage:ssd', '1':'storage:hdd'}
            return rotate_dict.get(rotate_str)

        # All other internal device / error case will always fall here
        return None


    @label_decorator('servo')
    def get_servo(self):
        """Determine if the host has a servo attached.

        If the host has a working servo attached, it should have a servo label.

        @return: string 'servo' if the host has servo attached. Otherwise,
                 returns None.
        """
        return 'servo' if self._servo_host else None


    @label_decorator('video_labels')
    def get_video_labels(self):
        """Run /usr/local/bin/avtest_label_detect to get a list of video labels.

        Sample output of avtest_label_detect:
        Detected label: hw_video_acc_vp8
        Detected label: webcam

        @return: A list of labels detected by tool avtest_label_detect.
        """
        try:
            result = self.run('/usr/local/bin/avtest_label_detect').stdout
            return re.findall('^Detected label: (\w+)$', result, re.M)
        except error.AutoservRunError:
            # The tool is not installed.
            return []


    @label_decorator('video_glitch_detection')
    def is_video_glitch_detection_supported(self):
        """ Determine if a board under test is supported for video glitch
        detection tests.

        @return: 'video_glitch_detection' if board is supported, None otherwise.
        """
        parser = ConfigParser.SafeConfigParser()
        filename = os.path.join(
                common.autotest_dir, 'client/cros/video/device_spec.conf')

        dut = self.get_board().replace(ds_constants.BOARD_PREFIX, '')

        try:
            parser.read(filename)
            supported_boards = parser.sections()

            return 'video_glitch_detection' if dut in supported_boards else None

        except ConfigParser.error:
            # something went wrong while parsing the conf file
            return None

    @label_decorator('touch_labels')
    def get_touch(self):
        """
        Determine whether board under test has a touchpad or touchscreen.

        @return: A list of some combination of 'touchscreen' and 'touchpad',
            depending on what is present on the device.
        """
        labels = []
        input_cmd = '/opt/google/input/inputcontrol --names -t %s'
        for elt in ['touchpad', 'touchscreen']:
            if self.run(input_cmd % elt).stdout:
                labels.append(elt)
        return labels



    def get_labels(self):
        """Return a list of labels for this given host.

        This is the main way to retrieve all the automatic labels for a host
        as it will run through all the currently implemented label functions.
        """
        labels = []
        for label_function in self._LABEL_FUNCTIONS:
            try:
                label = label_function(self)
            except Exception as e:
                logging.error('Label function %s failed; ignoring it.',
                              label_function.__name__)
                logging.exception(e)
                label = None
            if label:
                if type(label) is str:
                    labels.append(label)
                elif type(label) is list:
                    labels.extend(label)
        return labels


    def is_boot_from_usb(self):
        """Check if DUT is boot from USB.

        @return: True if DUT is boot from usb.
        """
        device = self.run('rootdev -s -d').stdout.strip()
        removable = int(self.run('cat /sys/block/%s/removable' %
                                 os.path.basename(device)).stdout.strip())
        return removable == 1


    def read_from_meminfo(self, key):
        """Return the memory info from /proc/meminfo

        @param key: meminfo requested

        @return the memory value as a string

        """
        meminfo = self.run('grep %s /proc/meminfo' % key).stdout.strip()
        logging.debug('%s', meminfo)
        return int(re.search(r'\d+', meminfo).group(0))