tool/showdb.c

/*
** A utility for printing all or part of an SQLite database file.
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "sqlite3.h"


static int pagesize = 1024;     /* Size of a database page */
static int db = -1;             /* File descriptor for reading the DB */
static int mxPage = 0;          /* Last page number */
static int perLine = 16;        /* HEX elements to print per line */

typedef long long int i64;      /* Datatype for 64-bit integers */


/*
** Convert the var-int format into i64.  Return the number of bytes
** in the var-int.  Write the var-int value into *pVal.
*/
static int decodeVarint(const unsigned char *z, i64 *pVal){
  i64 v = 0;
  int i;
  for(i=0; i<8; i++){
    v = (v<<7) + (z[i]&0x7f);
    if( (z[i]&0x80)==0 ){ *pVal = v; return i+1; }
  }
  v = (v<<8) + (z[i]&0xff);
  *pVal = v;
  return 9;
}

/*
** Extract a big-endian 32-bit integer
*/
static unsigned int decodeInt32(const unsigned char *z){
  return (z[0]<<24) + (z[1]<<16) + (z[2]<<8) + z[3];
}

/* Report an out-of-memory error and die.
*/
static void out_of_memory(void){
  fprintf(stderr,"Out of memory...\n");
  exit(1);
}

/*
** Read content from the file.
**
** Space to hold the content is obtained from malloc() and needs to be
** freed by the caller.
*/
static unsigned char *getContent(int ofst, int nByte){
  unsigned char *aData;
  aData = malloc(nByte+32);
  if( aData==0 ) out_of_memory();
  memset(aData, 0, nByte+32);
  lseek(db, ofst, SEEK_SET);
  read(db, aData, nByte);
  return aData;
}

/*
** Print a range of bytes as hex and as ascii.
*/
static unsigned char *print_byte_range(
  int ofst,          /* First byte in the range of bytes to print */
  int nByte,         /* Number of bytes to print */
  int printOfst      /* Add this amount to the index on the left column */
){
  unsigned char *aData;
  int i, j;
  const char *zOfstFmt;

  if( ((printOfst+nByte)&~0xfff)==0 ){
    zOfstFmt = " %03x: ";
  }else if( ((printOfst+nByte)&~0xffff)==0 ){
    zOfstFmt = " %04x: ";
  }else if( ((printOfst+nByte)&~0xfffff)==0 ){
    zOfstFmt = " %05x: ";
  }else if( ((printOfst+nByte)&~0xffffff)==0 ){
    zOfstFmt = " %06x: ";
  }else{
    zOfstFmt = " %08x: ";
  }

  aData = getContent(ofst, nByte);
  for(i=0; i<nByte; i += perLine){
    fprintf(stdout, zOfstFmt, i+printOfst);
    for(j=0; j<perLine; j++){
      if( i+j>nByte ){
        fprintf(stdout, "   ");
      }else{
        fprintf(stdout,"%02x ", aData[i+j]);
      }
    }
    for(j=0; j<perLine; j++){
      if( i+j>nByte ){
        fprintf(stdout, " ");
      }else{
        fprintf(stdout,"%c", isprint(aData[i+j]) ? aData[i+j] : '.');
      }
    }
    fprintf(stdout,"\n");
  }
  return aData;
}

/*
** Print an entire page of content as hex
*/
static print_page(int iPg){
  int iStart;
  unsigned char *aData;
  iStart = (iPg-1)*pagesize;
  fprintf(stdout, "Page %d:   (offsets 0x%x..0x%x)\n",
          iPg, iStart, iStart+pagesize-1);
  aData = print_byte_range(iStart, pagesize, 0);
  free(aData);
}

/* Print a line of decode output showing a 4-byte integer.
*/
static print_decode_line(
  unsigned char *aData,      /* Content being decoded */
  int ofst, int nByte,       /* Start and size of decode */
  const char *zMsg           /* Message to append */
){
  int i, j;
  int val = aData[ofst];
  char zBuf[100];
  sprintf(zBuf, " %03x: %02x", ofst, aData[ofst]);
  i = strlen(zBuf);
  for(j=1; j<4; j++){
    if( j>=nByte ){
      sprintf(&zBuf[i], "   ");
    }else{
      sprintf(&zBuf[i], " %02x", aData[ofst+j]);
      val = val*256 + aData[ofst+j];
    }
    i += strlen(&zBuf[i]);
  }
  sprintf(&zBuf[i], "   %9d", val);
  printf("%s  %s\n", zBuf, zMsg);
}

/*
** Decode the database header.
*/
static void print_db_header(void){
  unsigned char *aData;
  aData = print_byte_range(0, 100, 0);
  printf("Decoded:\n");
  print_decode_line(aData, 16, 2, "Database page size");
  print_decode_line(aData, 18, 1, "File format write version");
  print_decode_line(aData, 19, 1, "File format read version");
  print_decode_line(aData, 20, 1, "Reserved space at end of page");
  print_decode_line(aData, 24, 4, "File change counter");
  print_decode_line(aData, 28, 4, "Size of database in pages");
  print_decode_line(aData, 32, 4, "Page number of first freelist page");
  print_decode_line(aData, 36, 4, "Number of freelist pages");
  print_decode_line(aData, 40, 4, "Schema cookie");
  print_decode_line(aData, 44, 4, "Schema format version");
  print_decode_line(aData, 48, 4, "Default page cache size");
  print_decode_line(aData, 52, 4, "Largest auto-vac root page");
  print_decode_line(aData, 56, 4, "Text encoding");
  print_decode_line(aData, 60, 4, "User version");
  print_decode_line(aData, 64, 4, "Incremental-vacuum mode");
  print_decode_line(aData, 68, 4, "meta[7]");
  print_decode_line(aData, 72, 4, "meta[8]");
  print_decode_line(aData, 76, 4, "meta[9]");
  print_decode_line(aData, 80, 4, "meta[10]");
  print_decode_line(aData, 84, 4, "meta[11]");
  print_decode_line(aData, 88, 4, "meta[12]");
  print_decode_line(aData, 92, 4, "Change counter for version number");
  print_decode_line(aData, 96, 4, "SQLite version number");
}

/*
** Describe cell content.
*/
static int describeContent(
  unsigned char *a,       /* Cell content */
  int nLocal,             /* Bytes in a[] */
  char *zDesc             /* Write description here */
){
  int nDesc = 0;
  int n, i, j;
  i64 x, v;
  const unsigned char *pData;
  const unsigned char *pLimit;
  char sep = ' ';

  pLimit = &a[nLocal];
  n = decodeVarint(a, &x);
  pData = &a[x];
  a += n;
  i = x - n;
  while( i>0 && pData<=pLimit ){
    n = decodeVarint(a, &x);
    a += n;
    i -= n;
    nLocal -= n;
    zDesc[0] = sep;
    sep = ',';
    nDesc++;
    zDesc++;
    if( x==0 ){
      sprintf(zDesc, "*");     /* NULL is a "*" */
    }else if( x>=1 && x<=6 ){
      v = (signed char)pData[0];
      pData++;
      switch( x ){
        case 6:  v = (v<<16) + (pData[0]<<8) + pData[1];  pData += 2;
        case 5:  v = (v<<16) + (pData[0]<<8) + pData[1];  pData += 2;
        case 4:  v = (v<<8) + pData[0];  pData++;
        case 3:  v = (v<<8) + pData[0];  pData++;
        case 2:  v = (v<<8) + pData[0];  pData++;
      }
      sprintf(zDesc, "%lld", v);
    }else if( x==7 ){
      sprintf(zDesc, "real");
      pData += 8;
    }else if( x==8 ){
      sprintf(zDesc, "0");
    }else if( x==9 ){
      sprintf(zDesc, "1");
    }else if( x>=12 ){
      int size = (x-12)/2;
      if( (x&1)==0 ){
        sprintf(zDesc, "blob(%d)", size);
      }else{
        sprintf(zDesc, "txt(%d)", size);
      }
      pData += size;
    }
    j = strlen(zDesc);
    zDesc += j;
    nDesc += j;
  }
  return nDesc;
}

/*
** Compute the local payload size given the total payload size and
** the page size.
*/
static int localPayload(i64 nPayload, char cType){
  int maxLocal;
  int minLocal;
  int surplus;
  int nLocal;
  if( cType==13 ){
    /* Table leaf */
    maxLocal = pagesize-35;
    minLocal = (pagesize-12)*32/255-23;
  }else{
    maxLocal = (pagesize-12)*64/255-23;
    minLocal = (pagesize-12)*32/255-23;
  }
  if( nPayload>maxLocal ){
    surplus = minLocal + (nPayload-minLocal)%(pagesize-4);
    if( surplus<=maxLocal ){
      nLocal = surplus;
    }else{
      nLocal = minLocal;
    }
  }else{
    nLocal = nPayload;
  }
  return nLocal;
}
  

/*
** Create a description for a single cell.
**
** The return value is the local cell size.
*/
static int describeCell(
  unsigned char cType,    /* Page type */
  unsigned char *a,       /* Cell content */
  int showCellContent,    /* Show cell content if true */
  char **pzDesc           /* Store description here */
){
  int i;
  int nDesc = 0;
  int n = 0;
  int leftChild;
  i64 nPayload;
  i64 rowid;
  int nLocal;
  static char zDesc[1000];
  i = 0;
  if( cType<=5 ){
    leftChild = ((a[0]*256 + a[1])*256 + a[2])*256 + a[3];
    a += 4;
    n += 4;
    sprintf(zDesc, "lx: %d ", leftChild);
    nDesc = strlen(zDesc);
  }
  if( cType!=5 ){
    i = decodeVarint(a, &nPayload);
    a += i;
    n += i;
    sprintf(&zDesc[nDesc], "n: %lld ", nPayload);
    nDesc += strlen(&zDesc[nDesc]);
    nLocal = localPayload(nPayload, cType);
  }else{
    nPayload = nLocal = 0;
  }
  if( cType==5 || cType==13 ){
    i = decodeVarint(a, &rowid);
    a += i;
    n += i;
    sprintf(&zDesc[nDesc], "r: %lld ", rowid);
    nDesc += strlen(&zDesc[nDesc]);
  }
  if( nLocal<nPayload ){
    int ovfl;
    unsigned char *b = &a[nLocal];
    ovfl = ((b[0]*256 + b[1])*256 + b[2])*256 + b[3];
    sprintf(&zDesc[nDesc], "ov: %d ", ovfl);
    nDesc += strlen(&zDesc[nDesc]);
    n += 4;
  }
  if( showCellContent && cType!=5 ){
    nDesc += describeContent(a, nLocal, &zDesc[nDesc-1]);
  }
  *pzDesc = zDesc;
  return nLocal+n;
}

/*
** Decode a btree page
*/
static void decode_btree_page(
  unsigned char *a,   /* Page content */
  int pgno,           /* Page number */
  int hdrSize,        /* Size of the page header.  0 or 100 */
  char *zArgs         /* Flags to control formatting */
){
  const char *zType = "unknown";
  int nCell;
  int i, j;
  int iCellPtr;
  int showCellContent = 0;
  int showMap = 0;
  char *zMap = 0;
  switch( a[0] ){
    case 2:  zType = "index interior node";  break;
    case 5:  zType = "table interior node";  break;
    case 10: zType = "index leaf";           break;
    case 13: zType = "table leaf";           break;
  }
  while( zArgs[0] ){
    switch( zArgs[0] ){
      case 'c': showCellContent = 1;  break;
      case 'm': showMap = 1;          break;
    }
    zArgs++;
  }
  printf("Decode of btree page %d:\n", pgno);
  print_decode_line(a, 0, 1, zType);
  print_decode_line(a, 1, 2, "Offset to first freeblock");
  print_decode_line(a, 3, 2, "Number of cells on this page");
  nCell = a[3]*256 + a[4];
  print_decode_line(a, 5, 2, "Offset to cell content area");
  print_decode_line(a, 7, 1, "Fragmented byte count");
  if( a[0]==2 || a[0]==5 ){
    print_decode_line(a, 8, 4, "Right child");
    iCellPtr = 12;
  }else{
    iCellPtr = 8;
  }
  if( nCell>0 ){
    printf(" key: lx=left-child n=payload-size r=rowid\n");
  }
  if( showMap ){
    zMap = malloc(pagesize);
    memset(zMap, '.', pagesize);
    memset(zMap, '1', hdrSize);
    memset(&zMap[hdrSize], 'H', iCellPtr);
    memset(&zMap[hdrSize+iCellPtr], 'P', 2*nCell);
  }
  for(i=0; i<nCell; i++){
    int cofst = iCellPtr + i*2;
    char *zDesc;
    int n;

    cofst = a[cofst]*256 + a[cofst+1];
    n = describeCell(a[0], &a[cofst-hdrSize], showCellContent, &zDesc);
    if( showMap ){
      char zBuf[30];
      memset(&zMap[cofst], '*', n);
      zMap[cofst] = '[';
      zMap[cofst+n-1] = ']';
      sprintf(zBuf, "%d", i);
      j = strlen(zBuf);
      if( j<=n-2 ) memcpy(&zMap[cofst+1], zBuf, j);
    }
    printf(" %03x: cell[%d] %s\n", cofst, i, zDesc);
  }
  if( showMap ){
    for(i=0; i<pagesize; i+=64){
      printf(" %03x: %.64s\n", i, &zMap[i]);
    }
    free(zMap);
  }  
}

/*
** Decode a freelist trunk page.
*/
static void decode_trunk_page(
  int pgno,             /* The page number */
  int pagesize,         /* Size of each page */
  int detail,           /* Show leaf pages if true */
  int recursive         /* Follow the trunk change if true */
){
  int n, i, k;
  unsigned char *a;
  while( pgno>0 ){
    a = getContent((pgno-1)*pagesize, pagesize);
    printf("Decode of freelist trunk page %d:\n", pgno);
    print_decode_line(a, 0, 4, "Next freelist trunk page");
    print_decode_line(a, 4, 4, "Number of entries on this page");
    if( detail ){
      n = (int)decodeInt32(&a[4]);
      for(i=0; i<n; i++){
        unsigned int x = decodeInt32(&a[8+4*i]);
        char zIdx[10];
        sprintf(zIdx, "[%d]", i);
        printf("  %5s %7u", zIdx, x);
        if( i%5==4 ) printf("\n");
      }
      if( i%5!=0 ) printf("\n");
    }
    if( !recursive ){
      pgno = 0;
    }else{
      pgno = (int)decodeInt32(&a[0]);
    }
    free(a);
  }
}

/*
** A short text comment on the use of each page.
*/
static char **zPageUse;

/*
** Add a comment on the use of a page.
*/
static void page_usage_msg(int pgno, const char *zFormat, ...){
  va_list ap;
  char *zMsg;

  va_start(ap, zFormat);
  zMsg = sqlite3_vmprintf(zFormat, ap);
  va_end(ap);
  if( pgno<=0 || pgno>mxPage ){
    printf("ERROR: page %d out of bounds.  Range=1..%d.  Msg: %s\n",
            pgno, mxPage, zMsg);
    sqlite3_free(zMsg);
    return;
  }
  if( zPageUse[pgno]!=0 ){
    printf("ERROR: page %d used multiple times:\n", pgno);
    printf("ERROR:    previous: %s\n", zPageUse[pgno]);
    printf("ERROR:    current:  %s\n", zPageUse[pgno]);
    sqlite3_free(zPageUse[pgno]);
  }
  zPageUse[pgno] = zMsg;
}

/*
** Find overflow pages of a cell and describe their usage.
*/
static void page_usage_cell(
  unsigned char cType,    /* Page type */
  unsigned char *a,       /* Cell content */
  int pgno,               /* page containing the cell */
  int cellno              /* Index of the cell on the page */
){
  int i;
  int nDesc = 0;
  int n = 0;
  i64 nPayload;
  i64 rowid;
  int nLocal;
  i = 0;
  if( cType<=5 ){
    a += 4;
    n += 4;
  }
  if( cType!=5 ){
    i = decodeVarint(a, &nPayload);
    a += i;
    n += i;
    nLocal = localPayload(nPayload, cType);
  }else{
    nPayload = nLocal = 0;
  }
  if( cType==5 || cType==13 ){
    i = decodeVarint(a, &rowid);
    a += i;
    n += i;
  }
  if( nLocal<nPayload ){
    int ovfl = decodeInt32(a+nLocal);
    int cnt = 0;
    while( ovfl && (cnt++)<mxPage ){
      page_usage_msg(ovfl, "overflow %d from cell %d of page %d",
                     cnt, cellno, pgno);
      a = getContent((ovfl-1)*pagesize, 4);
      ovfl = decodeInt32(a);
      free(a);
    }
  }
}


/*
** Describe the usages of a b-tree page
*/
static void page_usage_btree(
  int pgno,             /* Page to describe */
  int parent,           /* Parent of this page.  0 for root pages */
  int idx,              /* Which child of the parent */
  const char *zName     /* Name of the table */
){
  unsigned char *a;
  const char *zType = "corrupt node";
  int nCell;
  int i;
  int hdr = pgno==1 ? 100 : 0;

  if( pgno<=0 || pgno>mxPage ) return;
  a = getContent((pgno-1)*pagesize, pagesize);
  switch( a[hdr] ){
    case 2:  zType = "interior node of index";  break;
    case 5:  zType = "interior node of table";  break;
    case 10: zType = "leaf of index";           break;
    case 13: zType = "leaf of table";           break;
  }
  if( parent ){
    page_usage_msg(pgno, "%s [%s], child %d of page %d",
                   zType, zName, idx, parent);
  }else{
    page_usage_msg(pgno, "root %s [%s]", zType, zName);
  }
  nCell = a[hdr+3]*256 + a[hdr+4];
  if( a[hdr]==2 || a[hdr]==5 ){
    int cellstart = hdr+12;
    unsigned int child;
    for(i=0; i<nCell; i++){
      int ofst;

      ofst = cellstart + i*2;
      ofst = a[ofst]*256 + a[ofst+1];
      child = decodeInt32(a+ofst);
      page_usage_btree(child, pgno, i, zName);
    }
    child = decodeInt32(a+cellstart-4);
    page_usage_btree(child, pgno, i, zName);
  }
  if( a[hdr]==2 || a[hdr]==10 || a[hdr]==13 ){
    int cellstart = hdr + 8 + 4*(a[hdr]<=5);
    for(i=0; i<nCell; i++){
      int ofst;
      ofst = cellstart + i*2;
      ofst = a[ofst]*256 + a[ofst+1];
      page_usage_cell(a[hdr], a+ofst, pgno, i);
    }
  }
  free(a);
}

/*
** Determine page usage by the freelist
*/
static void page_usage_freelist(int pgno){
  unsigned char *a;
  int cnt = 0;
  int i;
  int n;
  int iNext;
  int parent = 1;

  while( pgno>0 && pgno<=mxPage && (cnt++)<mxPage ){
    page_usage_msg(pgno, "freelist trunk #%d child of %d", cnt, parent);
    a = getContent((pgno-1)*pagesize, pagesize);
    iNext = decodeInt32(a);
    n = decodeInt32(a+4);
    for(i=0; i<n; i++){
      int child = decodeInt32(a + (i*4+8));
      page_usage_msg(child, "freelist leaf, child %d of trunk page %d",
                     i, pgno);
    }
    free(a);
    parent = pgno;
    pgno = iNext;
  }
}

/*
** Try to figure out how every page in the database file is being used.
*/
static void page_usage_report(const char *zDbName){
  int i;
  int rc;
  sqlite3 *db;
  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
  unsigned char *a;

  /* Avoid the pathological case */
  if( mxPage<1 ){
    printf("empty database\n");
    return;
  }

  /* Open the database file */
  rc = sqlite3_open(zDbName, &db);
  if( rc ){
    printf("cannot open database: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
    sqlite3_close(db);
    return;
  }

  /* Set up global variables zPageUse[] and mxPage to record page
  ** usages */
  zPageUse = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(zPageUse[0])*(mxPage+1) );
  if( zPageUse==0 ) out_of_memory();
  memset(zPageUse, 0, sizeof(zPageUse[0])*(mxPage+1));

  /* Discover the usage of each page */
  a = getContent(0, 100);
  page_usage_freelist(decodeInt32(a+32));
  free(a);
  page_usage_btree(1, 0, 0, "sqlite_master");
  rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(db,
           "SELECT type, name, rootpage FROM SQLITE_MASTER WHERE rootpage",
           -1, &pStmt, 0);
  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
    while( sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
      int pgno = sqlite3_column_int(pStmt, 2);
      page_usage_btree(pgno, 0, 0, sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 1));
    }
  }else{
    printf("ERROR: cannot query database: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
  }
  sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
  sqlite3_close(db);

  /* Print the report and free memory used */
  for(i=1; i<=mxPage; i++){
    printf("%5d: %s\n", i, zPageUse[i] ? zPageUse[i] : "???");
    sqlite3_free(zPageUse[i]);
  }
  sqlite3_free(zPageUse);
  zPageUse = 0;
}

/*
** Print a usage comment
*/
static void usage(const char *argv0){
  fprintf(stderr, "Usage %s FILENAME ?args...?\n\n", argv0);
  fprintf(stderr,
    "args:\n"
    "    dbheader        Show database header\n"
    "    pgidx           Index of how each page is used\n"
    "    NNN..MMM        Show hex of pages NNN through MMM\n"
    "    NNN..end        Show hex of pages NNN through end of file\n"
    "    NNNb            Decode btree page NNN\n"
    "    NNNbc           Decode btree page NNN and show content\n"
    "    NNNbm           Decode btree page NNN and show a layout map\n"
    "    NNNt            Decode freelist trunk page NNN\n"
    "    NNNtd           Show leaf freelist pages on the decode\n"
    "    NNNtr           Recurisvely decode freelist starting at NNN\n"
  );
}

int main(int argc, char **argv){
  struct stat sbuf;
  unsigned char zPgSz[2];
  if( argc<2 ){
    usage(argv[0]);
    exit(1);
  }
  db = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY);
  if( db<0 ){
    fprintf(stderr,"%s: can't open %s\n", argv[0], argv[1]);
    exit(1);
  }
  zPgSz[0] = 0;
  zPgSz[1] = 0;
  lseek(db, 16, SEEK_SET);
  read(db, zPgSz, 2);
  pagesize = zPgSz[0]*256 + zPgSz[1]*65536;
  if( pagesize==0 ) pagesize = 1024;
  printf("Pagesize: %d\n", pagesize);
  fstat(db, &sbuf);
  mxPage = sbuf.st_size/pagesize;
  printf("Available pages: 1..%d\n", mxPage);
  if( argc==2 ){
    int i;
    for(i=1; i<=mxPage; i++) print_page(i);
  }else{
    int i;
    for(i=2; i<argc; i++){
      int iStart, iEnd;
      char *zLeft;
      if( strcmp(argv[i], "dbheader")==0 ){
        print_db_header();
        continue;
      }
      if( strcmp(argv[i], "pgidx")==0 ){
        page_usage_report(argv[1]);
        continue;
      }
      if( !isdigit(argv[i][0]) ){
        fprintf(stderr, "%s: unknown option: [%s]\n", argv[0], argv[i]);
        continue;
      }
      iStart = strtol(argv[i], &zLeft, 0);
      if( zLeft && strcmp(zLeft,"..end")==0 ){
        iEnd = mxPage;
      }else if( zLeft && zLeft[0]=='.' && zLeft[1]=='.' ){
        iEnd = strtol(&zLeft[2], 0, 0);
      }else if( zLeft && zLeft[0]=='b' ){
        int ofst, nByte, hdrSize;
        unsigned char *a;
        if( iStart==1 ){
          ofst = hdrSize = 100;
          nByte = pagesize-100;
        }else{
          hdrSize = 0;
          ofst = (iStart-1)*pagesize;
          nByte = pagesize;
        }
        a = getContent(ofst, nByte);
        decode_btree_page(a, iStart, hdrSize, &zLeft[1]);
        free(a);
        continue;
      }else if( zLeft && zLeft[0]=='t' ){
        unsigned char *a;
        int detail = 0;
        int recursive = 0;
        int i;
        for(i=1; zLeft[i]; i++){
          if( zLeft[i]=='r' ) recursive = 1;
          if( zLeft[i]=='d' ) detail = 1;
        }
        decode_trunk_page(iStart, pagesize, detail, recursive);
        continue;
      }else{
        iEnd = iStart;
      }
      if( iStart<1 || iEnd<iStart || iEnd>mxPage ){
        fprintf(stderr,
          "Page argument should be LOWER?..UPPER?.  Range 1 to %d\n",
          mxPage);
        exit(1);
      }
      while( iStart<=iEnd ){
        print_page(iStart);
        iStart++;
      }
    }
  }
  close(db);
}